Re: ECPG cleanup and fix for clang compile-time problem - Mailing list pgsql-hackers

From Tom Lane
Subject Re: ECPG cleanup and fix for clang compile-time problem
Date
Msg-id 609290.1723751915@sss.pgh.pa.us
Whole thread Raw
In response to Re: ECPG cleanup and fix for clang compile-time problem  (Peter Eisentraut <peter@eisentraut.org>)
Responses Re: ECPG cleanup and fix for clang compile-time problem
List pgsql-hackers
Peter Eisentraut <peter@eisentraut.org> writes:
> On 15.08.24 02:43, Tom Lane wrote:
>> I've done some more work on this and hope to post an updated patchset
>> tomorrow.  Before that though, is there any objection to going ahead
>> with pushing the 0001 patch (pgindent'ing ecpg's lexer and parser
>> files)?  It's pretty bulky yet of no intellectual interest, so I'd
>> like to stop carrying it forward.

> The indentation patch looks good to me and it would be good to get it 
> out of the way.

Thanks, done.  Here's a revised patchset.

0001-0003 are substantially identical to the previous 0002-0004.
Likewise 0005 is basically the same as previous 0006,
and 0009 is identical to the previous 0007.

0004 differs from the previous 0005 in also moving the
cat_str/make_str functions into util.c, because I found that
at least the make_str functions could be useful in pgc.l.

The new stuff is in 0006-0008, and what it basically does is
clean up all remaining memory leakage in ecpg --- or at least,
all that valgrind can find while running ecpg's regression tests.
(I'm not fool enough to think that there might not be some in
unexercised code paths.)  It's fairly straightforward attention
to detail in data structure management.

I discovered the need for more effort on memory leakage by
doing some simple performance testing (basically, running ecpg
on a big file made by pasting together lots of copies of some
of the regression test inputs).  v3 was slower and consumed more
memory than HEAD :-(.  HEAD does already leak quite a bit of
memory, but v3 was worse, mainly because the string tokens
returned by pgc.l weren't being reclaimed.  I hadn't really
set out to drive the leakage to zero, but it turned out to not
be that hard, so I did it.

With those fixes, I see v4 running maybe 10% faster than HEAD,
rather than a similar amount slower.  I'm content with that
result, and feel that this may now be commit-quality.

            regards, tom lane

From 192d6d0df75e0db990375ef5bfeb8984d870bd2f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Date: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 12:04:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v4 1/9] Clean up documentation of parse.pl, and add more input
 checking.

README.parser is the user's manual, such as it is, for parse.pl.
It's rather poorly written if you ask me; so try to improve it.
(More could be written here, but this at least covers the same
info in a more organized fashion.)

Also, the single solitary line of usage info in parse.pl itself
was a lie.  Replace.

Add some error checks that the ecpg.addons entries meet the syntax
rules set forth in README.parser.  One of them didn't, but
accidentally worked anyway because the logic in include_addon is
such that 'block' is the default behavior.

Also add a cross-check that each ecpg.addons entry is matched exactly
once in the backend grammar.  This exposed that there are two dead
entries there --- they are dead because the %replace_types table in
parse.pl causes their nonterminals to be ignored altogether.
Removing them doesn't change the generated preproc.y file.

(This implies that check_rules.pl is completely worthless and should
be nuked: it adds build cycles and maintenance effort while failing
to reliably accomplish its one job of detecting dead rules.  I've
not done that here, though.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2011420.1713493114@sss.pgh.pa.us
---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/README.parser | 119 ++++++++++++++--------
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons   |  11 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl      |  58 ++++++++---
 3 files changed, 123 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/README.parser b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/README.parser
index ddc3061d48..5698f5ab32 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/README.parser
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/README.parser
@@ -1,42 +1,77 @@
-ECPG modifies and extends the core grammar in a way that
-1) every token in ECPG is <str> type. New tokens are
-   defined in ecpg.tokens, types are defined in ecpg.type
-2) most tokens from the core grammar are simply converted
-   to literals concatenated together to form the SQL string
-   passed to the server, this is done by parse.pl.
-3) some rules need side-effects, actions are either added
-   or completely overridden (compared to the basic token
-   concatenation) for them, these are defined in ecpg.addons,
-   the rules for ecpg.addons are explained below.
-4) new grammar rules are needed for ECPG metacommands.
-   These are in ecpg.trailer.
-5) ecpg.header contains common functions, etc. used by
-   actions for grammar rules.
-
-In "ecpg.addons", every modified rule follows this pattern:
-       ECPG: dumpedtokens postfix
-where "dumpedtokens" is simply tokens from core gram.y's
-rules concatenated together. e.g. if gram.y has this:
-       ruleA: tokenA tokenB tokenC {...}
-then "dumpedtokens" is "ruleAtokenAtokenBtokenC".
-"postfix" above can be:
-a) "block" - the automatic rule created by parse.pl is completely
-    overridden, the code block has to be written completely as
-    it were in a plain bison grammar
-b) "rule" - the automatic rule is extended on, so new syntaxes
-    are accepted for "ruleA". E.g.:
-      ECPG: ruleAtokenAtokenBtokenC rule
-          | tokenD tokenE { action_code; }
-          ...
-    It will be substituted with:
-      ruleA: <original syntax forms and actions up to and including
-                    "tokenA tokenB tokenC">
-             | tokenD tokenE { action_code; }
-             ...
-c) "addon" - the automatic action for the rule (SQL syntax constructed
-    from the tokens concatenated together) is prepended with a new
-    action code part. This code part is written as is's already inside
-    the { ... }
-
-Multiple "addon" or "block" lines may appear together with the
-new code block if the code block is common for those rules.
+ECPG's grammar (preproc.y) is built by parse.pl from the
+backend's grammar (gram.y) plus various add-on rules.
+Some notes:
+
+1) Most input matching core grammar productions is simply converted
+   to strings and concatenated together to form the SQL string
+   passed to the server.  parse.pl can automatically build the
+   grammar actions needed to do this.
+2) Some grammar rules need special actions that are added to or
+   completely override the default token-concatenation behavior.
+   This is controlled by ecpg.addons as explained below.
+3) Additional grammar rules are needed for ECPG's own commands.
+   These are in ecpg.trailer, as is the "epilogue" part of preproc.y.
+4) ecpg.header contains the "prologue" part of preproc.y, including
+   support functions, Bison options, etc.
+5) Additional terminals added by ECPG must be defined in ecpg.tokens.
+   Additional nonterminals added by ECPG must be defined in ecpg.type.
+
+ecpg.header, ecpg.tokens, ecpg.type, and ecpg.trailer are just
+copied verbatim into preproc.y at appropriate points.
+
+ecpg.addons contains entries that begin with a line like
+       ECPG: concattokens ruletype
+and typically have one or more following lines that are the code
+for a grammar action.  Any line not starting with "ECPG:" is taken
+to be part of the code block for the preceding "ECPG:" line.
+
+"concattokens" identifies which gram.y production this entry affects.
+It is simply the target nonterminal and the tokens from the gram.y rule
+concatenated together.  For example, to modify the action for a gram.y
+rule like this:
+      target: tokenA tokenB tokenC {...}
+"concattokens" would be "targettokenAtokenBtokenC".  If we want to
+modify a non-first alternative for a nonterminal, we still write the
+nonterminal.  For example, "concattokens" should be "targettokenDtokenE"
+to affect the second alternative in:
+      target: tokenA tokenB tokenC {...}
+              | tokenD tokenE {...}
+
+"ruletype" is one of:
+
+a) "block" - the automatic action that parse.pl would create is
+    completely overridden.  Instead the entry's code block is emitted.
+    The code block must include the braces ({}) needed for a Bison action.
+
+b) "addon" - the entry's code block is inserted into the generated
+    action, ahead of the automatic token-concatenation code.
+    In this case the code block need not contain braces, since
+    it will be inserted within braces.
+
+c) "rule" - the automatic action is emitted, but then the entry's
+    code block is added verbatim afterwards.  This typically is
+    used to add new alternatives to a nonterminal of the core grammar.
+    For example, given the entry:
+      ECPG: targettokenAtokenBtokenC rule
+          | tokenD tokenE { custom_action; }
+    what will be emitted is
+      target: tokenA tokenB tokenC { automatic_action; }
+          | tokenD tokenE { custom_action; }
+
+Multiple "ECPG:" entries can share the same code block, if the
+same action is needed for all.  When an "ECPG:" line is immediately
+followed by another one, it is not assigned an empty code block;
+rather the next nonempty code block is assumed to apply to all
+immediately preceding "ECPG:" entries.
+
+In addition to the modifications specified by ecpg.addons,
+parse.pl contains some tables that list backend grammar
+productions to be ignored or modified.
+
+Nonterminals that construct strings (as described above) should be
+given <str> type, which is parse.pl's default assumption for
+nonterminals found in gram.y.  That can be overridden at need by
+making an entry in parse.pl's %replace_types table.  %replace_types
+can also be used to suppress output of a nonterminal's rules
+altogether (in which case ecpg.trailer had better provide replacement
+rules, since the nonterminal will still be referred to elsewhere).
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
index e7dce4e404..6a1893553b 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ ECPG: opt_array_boundsopt_array_bounds'['']' block
             $$.index2 = mm_strdup($3);
         $$.str = cat_str(4, $1.str, mm_strdup("["), $3, mm_strdup("]"));
     }
-ECPG: opt_array_bounds
+ECPG: opt_array_bounds block
     {
         $$.index1 = mm_strdup("-1");
         $$.index2 = mm_strdup("-1");
@@ -510,15 +510,6 @@ ECPG: IconstICONST block
 ECPG: AexprConstNULL_P rule
     | civar                            { $$ = $1; }
     | civarind                        { $$ = $1; }
-ECPG: ColIdcol_name_keyword rule
-    | ECPGKeywords                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGCKeywords                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | CHAR_P                        { $$ = mm_strdup("char"); }
-    | VALUES                        { $$ = mm_strdup("values"); }
-ECPG: type_function_nametype_func_name_keyword rule
-    | ECPGKeywords                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGTypeName                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGCKeywords                    { $$ = $1; }
 ECPG: VariableShowStmtSHOWALL block
     {
         mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "SHOW ALL is not implemented");
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl
index fe8d3e5178..86d0782d45 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl
@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl
 # src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl
-# parser generator for ecpg version 2
-# call with backend parser as stdin
+# parser generator for ecpg
+#
+# See README.parser for some explanation of what this does.
+#
+# Command-line options:
+#   --srcdir: where to find ecpg-provided input files (default ".")
+#   --parser: the backend gram.y file to read (required, no default)
+#   --output: where to write preproc.y (required, no default)
 #
 # Copyright (c) 2007-2024, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 #
@@ -148,6 +154,14 @@ dump_buffer('trailer');

 close($parserfh);

+# Cross-check that we don't have dead or ambiguous addon rules.
+foreach (keys %addons)
+{
+    die "addon rule $_ was never used\n" if $addons{$_}{used} == 0;
+    die "addon rule $_ was matched multiple times\n" if $addons{$_}{used} > 1;
+}
+
+
 sub main
 {
   line: while (<$parserfh>)
@@ -487,7 +501,10 @@ sub include_addon
     my $rec = $addons{$block};
     return 0 unless $rec;

-    my $rectype = (defined $rec->{type}) ? $rec->{type} : '';
+    # Track usage for later cross-check
+    $rec->{used}++;
+
+    my $rectype = $rec->{type};
     if ($rectype eq 'rule')
     {
         dump_fields($stmt_mode, $fields, ' { ');
@@ -668,10 +685,10 @@ sub dump_line
 }

 =top
-    load addons into cache
+    load ecpg.addons into %addons hash.  The result is something like
     %addons = {
-        stmtClosePortalStmt => { 'type' => 'block', 'lines' => [ "{", "if (INFORMIX_MODE)" ..., "}" ] },
-        stmtViewStmt => { 'type' => 'rule', 'lines' => [ "| ECPGAllocateDescr", ... ] }
+        stmtClosePortalStmt => { 'type' => 'block', 'lines' => [ "{", "if (INFORMIX_MODE)" ..., "}" ], 'used' => 0 },
+        stmtViewStmt => { 'type' => 'rule', 'lines' => [ "| ECPGAllocateDescr", ... ], 'used' => 0 }
     }

 =cut
@@ -681,17 +698,25 @@ sub preload_addons
     my $filename = $srcdir . "/ecpg.addons";
     open(my $fh, '<', $filename) or die;

-    # there may be multiple lines starting ECPG: and then multiple lines of code.
-    # the code need to be add to all prior ECPG records.
-    my (@needsRules, @code, $record);
+    # There may be multiple "ECPG:" lines and then multiple lines of code.
+    # The block of code needs to be added to each of the consecutively-
+    # preceding "ECPG:" records.
+    my (@needsRules, @code);

-    # there may be comments before the first ECPG line, skip them
+    # there may be comments before the first "ECPG:" line, skip them
     my $skip = 1;
     while (<$fh>)
     {
-        if (/^ECPG:\s(\S+)\s?(\w+)?/)
+        if (/^ECPG:\s+(\S+)\s+(\w+)\s*$/)
         {
+            # Found an "ECPG:" line, so we're done skipping the header
             $skip = 0;
+            # Validate record type and target
+            die "invalid record type $2 in addon rule for $1\n"
+              unless ($2 eq 'block' or $2 eq 'addon' or $2 eq 'rule');
+            die "duplicate addon rule for $1\n" if (exists $addons{$1});
+            # If we had some preceding code lines, attach them to all
+            # as-yet-unfinished records.
             if (@code)
             {
                 for my $x (@needsRules)
@@ -701,20 +726,27 @@ sub preload_addons
                 @code = ();
                 @needsRules = ();
             }
-            $record = {};
+            my $record = {};
             $record->{type} = $2;
             $record->{lines} = [];
-            if (exists $addons{$1}) { die "Ga! there are dups!\n"; }
+            $record->{used} = 0;
             $addons{$1} = $record;
             push(@needsRules, $record);
         }
+        elsif (/^ECPG:/)
+        {
+            # Complain if preceding regex failed to match
+            die "incorrect syntax in ECPG line: $_\n";
+        }
         else
         {
+            # Non-ECPG line: add to @code unless we're still skipping
             next if $skip;
             push(@code, $_);
         }
     }
     close($fh);
+    # Deal with final code block
     if (@code)
     {
         for my $x (@needsRules)
--
2.43.5

From 5d30c3f9373a29fee1cf868b62faeeac2e3241e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Date: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 12:08:06 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v4 2/9] Major cleanup, simplification, and documentation of
 parse.pl.

Remove a lot of cruft, clean up and document what's left.
This produces the same preproc.y output as before, except for
fewer blank lines.  (It's not like we're making any attempt to
match the layout of gram.y, so I removed the one bit of logic
that seemed to have that in mind.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2011420.1713493114@sss.pgh.pa.us
---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl | 486 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 292 insertions(+), 194 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl
index 86d0782d45..5a00271468 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl
@@ -31,27 +31,11 @@ GetOptions(
     'output=s' => \$outfile,
     'parser=s' => \$parser,) or die "wrong arguments";

-# open parser / output file early, to raise errors early
-open(my $parserfh, '<', $parser) or die "could not open parser file $parser";
-open(my $outfh, '>', $outfile) or die "could not open output file $outfile";
-
-my $copymode = 0;
-my $brace_indent = 0;
-my $yaccmode = 0;
-my $in_rule = 0;
-my $header_included = 0;
-my $has_feature_not_supported = 0;
-my $has_if_command = 0;
-my $tokenmode = 0;
-
-my (%buff, $infield, $comment, %tokens, %addons);
-my ($stmt_mode, @fields);
-my $line = '';
-my $non_term_id;

+# These hash tables define additional transformations to apply to
+# grammar rules.

-# some token have to be replaced by other symbols
-# either in the rule
+# Substitutions to apply to tokens whenever they are seen in a rule.
 my %replace_token = (
     'BCONST' => 'ecpg_bconst',
     'FCONST' => 'ecpg_fconst',
@@ -60,7 +44,9 @@ my %replace_token = (
     'IDENT' => 'ecpg_ident',
     'PARAM' => 'ecpg_param',);

-# or in the block
+# Substitutions to apply to terminal token names to reconstruct the
+# literal form of the token.  (There is also a hard-wired substitution
+# rule that strips trailing '_P'.)
 my %replace_string = (
     'FORMAT_LA' => 'format',
     'NOT_LA' => 'not',
@@ -75,14 +61,16 @@ my %replace_string = (
     'GREATER_EQUALS' => '>=',
     'NOT_EQUALS' => '<>',);

-# specific replace_types for specific non-terminals - never include the ':'
-# ECPG-only replace_types are defined in ecpg-replace_types
+# This hash can provide a result type to override '<str>' for nonterminals
+# that need that, or it can specify 'ignore' to cause us to skip the rule
+# for that nonterminal.  (In that case, ecpg.trailer had better provide
+# a substitute rule.)
 my %replace_types = (
     'PrepareStmt' => '<prep>',
     'ExecuteStmt' => '<exec>',
     'opt_array_bounds' => '<index>',

-    # "ignore" means: do not create type and rules for this non-term-id
+    # "ignore" means: do not create type and rules for this nonterminal
     'parse_toplevel' => 'ignore',
     'stmtmulti' => 'ignore',
     'CreateAsStmt' => 'ignore',
@@ -97,9 +85,12 @@ my %replace_types = (
     'plassign_target' => 'ignore',
     'plassign_equals' => 'ignore',);

-# these replace_line commands excise certain keywords from the core keyword
-# lists.  Be sure to account for these in ColLabel and related productions.
+# This hash provides an "ignore" option or substitute expansion for any
+# rule or rule alternative.  The hash key is the same "concattokens" tag
+# used for lookup in ecpg.addons.
 my %replace_line = (
+    # These entries excise certain keywords from the core keyword lists.
+    # Be sure to account for these in ColLabel and related productions.
     'unreserved_keywordCONNECTION' => 'ignore',
     'unreserved_keywordCURRENT_P' => 'ignore',
     'unreserved_keywordDAY_P' => 'ignore',
@@ -137,10 +128,77 @@ my %replace_line = (
       'PREPARE prepared_name prep_type_clause AS PreparableStmt',
     'var_nameColId' => 'ECPGColId');

+
+# Declare assorted state variables.
+
+# yaccmode counts the '%%' separator lines we have seen, so that we can
+# distinguish prologue, rules, and epilogue sections of gram.y.
+my $yaccmode = 0;
+# in /* ... */ comment?
+my $comment = 0;
+# in { ... } braced text?
+my $brace_indent = 0;
+# within a rule (production)?
+my $in_rule = 0;
+# count of alternatives processed within the current rule.
+my $alt_count = 0;
+# copymode = 1 when we want to emit the current rule to preproc.y.
+# If it's 0, we have decided to ignore the current rule, and should
+# skip all output until we get to the ending semicolon.
+my $copymode = 0;
+# tokenmode = 1 indicates we are processing %token and following declarations.
+my $tokenmode = 0;
+# stmt_mode = 1 indicates that we are processing the 'stmt:' rule.
+my $stmt_mode = 0;
+# Hacky state for emitting feature-not-supported warnings.
+my $has_feature_not_supported = 0;
+my $has_if_command = 0;
+
+# %addons holds the rules loaded from ecpg.addons.
+my %addons;
+
+# %buff holds various named "buffers", which are just strings that accumulate
+# the output destined for different sections of the preproc.y file.  This
+# allows us to process the input in one pass even though the resulting output
+# needs to appear in various places.  See dump_buffer calls below for the
+# set of buffer names and the order in which they'll be dumped.
+my %buff;
+
+# %tokens contains an entry for every name we have discovered to be a token.
+my %tokens;
+
+# $non_term_id is the name of the nonterminal that is the target of the
+# current rule.
+my $non_term_id;
+
+# $line holds the reconstructed rule text (that is, RHS token list) that
+# we plan to emit for the current rule.
+my $line = '';
+
+# @fields holds the items to be emitted in the token-concatenation action
+# for the current rule (assuming we emit one).  "$N" refers to the N'th
+# input token of the rule; anything else is a string to emit literally.
+# (We assume no such string can need to start with '$'.)
+my @fields;
+
+
+# Open parser / output file early, to raise errors early.
+open(my $parserfh, '<', $parser) or die "could not open parser file $parser";
+open(my $outfh, '>', $outfile) or die "could not open output file $outfile";
+
+# Read the various ecpg-supplied input files.
+# ecpg.addons is loaded into the %addons hash, while the other files
+# are just copied into buffers for verbatim output later.
 preload_addons();
+include_file('header', 'ecpg.header');
+include_file('tokens', 'ecpg.tokens');
+include_file('ecpgtype', 'ecpg.type');
+include_file('trailer', 'ecpg.trailer');

+# Read gram.y, and do the bulk of the processing.
 main();

+# Emit data from the various buffers we filled.
 dump_buffer('header');
 dump_buffer('tokens');
 dump_buffer('types');
@@ -149,7 +207,6 @@ dump_buffer('orig_tokens');
 print $outfh '%%', "\n";
 print $outfh 'prog: statements;', "\n";
 dump_buffer('rules');
-include_file('trailer', 'ecpg.trailer');
 dump_buffer('trailer');

 close($parserfh);
@@ -162,83 +219,67 @@ foreach (keys %addons)
 }


+# Read the backend grammar.
 sub main
 {
   line: while (<$parserfh>)
     {
         chomp;

-        # comment out the line below to make the result file match (blank line wise)
-        # the prior version.
-        #next if ($_ eq '');
-
-        # Dump the action for a rule -
-        # stmt_mode indicates if we are processing the 'stmt:'
-        # rule (mode==0 means normal,  mode==1 means stmt:)
-        # flds are the fields to use. These may start with a '$' - in
-        # which case they are the result of a previous non-terminal
-        #
-        # if they don't start with a '$' then they are token name
-        #
-        # len is the number of fields in flds...
-        # leadin is the padding to apply at the beginning (just use for formatting)
-
         if (/^%%/)
         {
-            $tokenmode = 2;
-            $copymode = 1;
+            # New file section, so advance yaccmode.
             $yaccmode++;
-            $infield = 0;
+            # We are no longer examining %token and related commands.
+            $tokenmode = 0;
+            # Shouldn't be anything else on the line.
+            next line;
         }

+        # Hacky check for rules that throw FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED
+        # (do this before $_ has a chance to get clobbered)
         if ($yaccmode == 1)
         {
-            # Check for rules that throw FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED
             $has_feature_not_supported = 1 if /ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED/;
             $has_if_command = 1 if /^\s*if/;
         }

+        # We track %prec per-line, not per-rule, which is not quite right
+        # but there are no counterexamples in gram.y at present.
         my $prec = 0;

-        # Make sure any braces are split
+        # Make sure any braces are split into separate fields
         s/{/ { /g;
         s/}/ } /g;

-        # Any comments are split
+        # Likewise for comment start/end markers
         s|\/\*| /* |g;
         s|\*\/| */ |g;

         # Now split the line into individual fields
         my @arr = split(' ');

+        # Ignore empty lines
         if (!@arr)
         {
-            # empty line: in tokenmode 1, emit an empty line, else ignore
-            if ($tokenmode == 1)
-            {
-                add_to_buffer('orig_tokens', '');
-            }
             next line;
         }

-        if ($arr[0] eq '%token' && $tokenmode == 0)
+        # Once we have seen %token in the prologue, we assume all that follows
+        # up to the '%%' separator is %token and associativity declarations.
+        # Collect and process that as necessary.
+        if ($arr[0] eq '%token' && $yaccmode == 0)
         {
             $tokenmode = 1;
-            include_file('tokens', 'ecpg.tokens');
-        }
-        elsif ($arr[0] eq '%type' && $header_included == 0)
-        {
-            include_file('header', 'ecpg.header');
-            include_file('ecpgtype', 'ecpg.type');
-            $header_included = 1;
         }

         if ($tokenmode == 1)
         {
+            # Collect everything of interest on this line into $str.
             my $str = '';
-            my $prior = '';
             for my $a (@arr)
             {
+                # Skip comments.
                 if ($a eq '/*')
                 {
                     $comment++;
@@ -253,40 +294,50 @@ sub main
                 {
                     next;
                 }
+
+                # If it's "<something>", it's a type in a %token declaration,
+                # which we can just drop.
                 if (substr($a, 0, 1) eq '<')
                 {
                     next;
-
-                    # its a type
                 }
+
+                # Remember that this is a token.  This will also make entries
+                # for "%token" and the associativity keywords such as "%left",
+                # which should be harmless so it's not worth the trouble to
+                # avoid it.  If a token appears both in %token and in an
+                # associativity declaration, we'll redundantly re-set its
+                # entry, which is also OK.
                 $tokens{$a} = 1;

+                # Accumulate the line in $str.
                 $str = $str . ' ' . $a;
-                if ($a eq 'IDENT' && $prior eq '%nonassoc')
-                {

-                    # add more tokens to the list
+                # HACK: insert our own %nonassoc line after IDENT.
+                # XXX: this seems pretty wrong, IDENT is not last on its line!
+                if ($a eq 'IDENT' && $arr[0] eq '%nonassoc')
+                {
                     $str = $str . "\n%nonassoc CSTRING";
                 }
-                $prior = $a;
             }
+            # Save the lightly-processed line in orig_tokens.
             add_to_buffer('orig_tokens', $str);
             next line;
         }

-        # Don't worry about anything if we're not in the right section of gram.y
+        # The rest is only appropriate if we're in the rules section of gram.y
         if ($yaccmode != 1)
         {
             next line;
         }

-
-        # Go through each field in turn
+        # Go through each word of the rule in turn
         for (
             my $fieldIndexer = 0;
             $fieldIndexer < scalar(@arr);
             $fieldIndexer++)
         {
+            # Detect and ignore comments and braced action text
             if ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '*/' && $comment)
             {
                 $comment = 0;
@@ -298,15 +349,10 @@ sub main
             }
             elsif ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '/*')
             {
-
-                # start of a multiline comment
+                # start of a possibly-multiline comment
                 $comment = 1;
                 next;
             }
-            elsif ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '//')
-            {
-                next line;
-            }
             elsif ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '}')
             {
                 $brace_indent--;
@@ -317,29 +363,35 @@ sub main
                 $brace_indent++;
                 next;
             }
-
             if ($brace_indent > 0)
             {
                 next;
             }
+
+            # OK, it's not a comment or part of an action.
+            # Check for ';' ending the current rule, or '|' ending the
+            # current alternative.
             if ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq ';')
             {
                 if ($copymode)
                 {
-                    if ($infield)
-                    {
-                        dump_line($stmt_mode, \@fields);
-                    }
+                    # Print the accumulated rule.
+                    emit_rule(\@fields);
                     add_to_buffer('rules', ";\n\n");
                 }
                 else
                 {
+                    # End of an ignored rule; revert to copymode = 1.
                     $copymode = 1;
                 }
+
+                # Reset for the next rule.
                 @fields = ();
-                $infield = 0;
                 $line = '';
                 $in_rule = 0;
+                $alt_count = 0;
+                $has_feature_not_supported = 0;
+                $has_if_command = 0;
                 next;
             }

@@ -347,56 +399,68 @@ sub main
             {
                 if ($copymode)
                 {
-                    if ($infield)
-                    {
-                        $infield = $infield + dump_line($stmt_mode, \@fields);
-                    }
-                    if ($infield > 1)
-                    {
-                        $line = '| ';
-                    }
+                    # Print the accumulated alternative.
+                    # Increment $alt_count for each non-ignored alternative.
+                    $alt_count += emit_rule(\@fields);
                 }
+
+                # Reset for the next alternative.
                 @fields = ();
+                # Start the next line with '|' if we've printed at least one
+                # alternative.
+                if ($alt_count > 1)
+                {
+                    $line = '| ';
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    $line = '';
+                }
+                $has_feature_not_supported = 0;
+                $has_if_command = 0;
                 next;
             }

+            # Apply replace_token substitution if we have one.
             if (exists $replace_token{ $arr[$fieldIndexer] })
             {
                 $arr[$fieldIndexer] = $replace_token{ $arr[$fieldIndexer] };
             }

-            # Are we looking at a declaration of a non-terminal ?
-            if (($arr[$fieldIndexer] =~ /[A-Za-z0-9]+:/)
+            # Are we looking at a declaration of a non-terminal?
+            # We detect that by seeing ':' on the end of the token or
+            # as the next token.
+            if (($arr[$fieldIndexer] =~ /[A-Za-z0-9]+:$/)
                 || (   $fieldIndexer + 1 < scalar(@arr)
                     && $arr[ $fieldIndexer + 1 ] eq ':'))
             {
+                # Extract the non-terminal, sans : if any
                 $non_term_id = $arr[$fieldIndexer];
                 $non_term_id =~ tr/://d;

+                # Consume the ':' if it's separate
+                if (!($arr[$fieldIndexer] =~ /[A-Za-z0-9]+:$/))
+                {
+                    $fieldIndexer++;
+                }
+
+                # Check for %replace_types override of nonterminal's type
                 if (not defined $replace_types{$non_term_id})
                 {
+                    # By default, the type is <str>
                     $replace_types{$non_term_id} = '<str>';
-                    $copymode = 1;
                 }
                 elsif ($replace_types{$non_term_id} eq 'ignore')
                 {
+                    # We'll ignore this nonterminal and rule altogether.
                     $copymode = 0;
-                    $line = '';
                     next line;
                 }
-                $line = $line . ' ' . $arr[$fieldIndexer];

-                # Do we have the : attached already ?
-                # If yes, we'll have already printed the ':'
-                if (!($arr[$fieldIndexer] =~ '[A-Za-z0-9]+:'))
-                {
+                # OK, we want this rule.
+                $copymode = 1;

-                    # Consume the ':' which is next...
-                    $line = $line . ':';
-                    $fieldIndexer++;
-                }
-
-                # Special mode?
+                # Set special mode for the "stmt:" rule.
                 if ($non_term_id eq 'stmt')
                 {
                     $stmt_mode = 1;
@@ -405,69 +469,73 @@ sub main
                 {
                     $stmt_mode = 0;
                 }
+
+                # Emit appropriate %type declaration for this nonterminal.
                 my $tstr =
                     '%type '
                   . $replace_types{$non_term_id} . ' '
                   . $non_term_id;
                 add_to_buffer('types', $tstr);

-                if ($copymode)
-                {
-                    add_to_buffer('rules', $line);
-                }
+                # Emit the target part of the rule.
+                # Note: the leading space is just to match
+                # the old, rather weird output logic.
+                $tstr = ' ' . $non_term_id . ':';
+                add_to_buffer('rules', $tstr);
+
+                # Prepare for reading the fields (tokens) of the rule.
                 $line = '';
                 @fields = ();
-                $infield = 1;
                 die "unterminated rule at grammar line $.\n"
                   if $in_rule;
                 $in_rule = 1;
+                $alt_count = 1;
                 next;
             }
             elsif ($copymode)
             {
+                # Not a nonterminal declaration, so just add it to $line.
                 $line = $line . ' ' . $arr[$fieldIndexer];
             }
+
+            # %prec and whatever follows it should get added to $line,
+            # but not to @fields.
             if ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '%prec')
             {
                 $prec = 1;
                 next;
             }

+            # Emit transformed version of token to @fields if appropriate.
             if (   $copymode
                 && !$prec
                 && !$comment
-                && $fieldIndexer < scalar(@arr)
-                && length($arr[$fieldIndexer])
-                && $infield)
+                && $in_rule)
             {
-                if ($arr[$fieldIndexer] ne 'Op'
-                    && ((   defined $tokens{ $arr[$fieldIndexer] }
-                            && $tokens{ $arr[$fieldIndexer] } > 0)
-                        || $arr[$fieldIndexer] =~ /'.+'/)
-                    || $stmt_mode == 1)
+                my $S = $arr[$fieldIndexer];
+
+                # If it's a known terminal token (other than Op) or a literal
+                # character, we need to emit the equivalent string, which'll
+                # later get wrapped into a C string literal, perhaps after
+                # merging with adjacent strings.
+                if ($S ne 'Op'
+                    && (defined $tokens{$S}
+                        || $S =~ /^'.+'$/))
                 {
-                    my $S;
-                    if (exists $replace_string{ $arr[$fieldIndexer] })
-                    {
-                        $S = $replace_string{ $arr[$fieldIndexer] };
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        $S = $arr[$fieldIndexer];
-                    }
-                    $S =~ s/_P//g;
+                    # Apply replace_string substitution if any.
+                    $S = $replace_string{$S} if (exists $replace_string{$S});
+                    # Automatically strip _P if present.
+                    $S =~ s/_P$//;
+                    # And get rid of quotes if it's a literal character.
                     $S =~ tr/'//d;
-                    if ($stmt_mode == 1)
-                    {
-                        push(@fields, $S);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        push(@fields, lc($S));
-                    }
+                    # Finally, downcase and push into @fields.
+                    push(@fields, lc($S));
                 }
                 else
                 {
+                    # Otherwise, push a $N reference to this input token.
+                    # (We assume this cannot be confused with anything the
+                    # above code would produce.)
                     push(@fields, '$' . (scalar(@fields) + 1));
                 }
             }
@@ -495,94 +563,108 @@ sub include_file
     return;
 }

-sub include_addon
+# Emit the semantic action for the current rule.
+# This function mainly accounts for any modifications specified
+# by an ecpg.addons entry.
+sub emit_rule_action
 {
-    my ($buffer, $block, $fields, $stmt_mode) = @_;
-    my $rec = $addons{$block};
-    return 0 unless $rec;
+    my ($tag, $fields) = @_;

-    # Track usage for later cross-check
+    # See if we have an addons entry; if not, just emit default action
+    my $rec = $addons{$tag};
+    if (!$rec)
+    {
+        emit_default_action($fields, 0);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    # Track addons entry usage for later cross-check
     $rec->{used}++;

     my $rectype = $rec->{type};
     if ($rectype eq 'rule')
     {
-        dump_fields($stmt_mode, $fields, ' { ');
+        # Emit default action and then the code block.
+        emit_default_action($fields, 0);
     }
     elsif ($rectype eq 'addon')
     {
+        # Emit the code block wrapped in the same braces as the default action.
         add_to_buffer('rules', ' { ');
     }

-    #add_to_buffer( $stream, $_ );
-    #We have an array to add to the buffer, we'll add it ourself instead of
-    #calling add_to_buffer, which does not know about arrays
-
-    push(@{ $buff{$buffer} }, @{ $rec->{lines} });
+    # Emit the addons entry's code block.
+    # We have an array to add to the buffer, we'll add it directly instead of
+    # calling add_to_buffer, which does not know about arrays.
+    push(@{ $buff{'rules'} }, @{ $rec->{lines} });

     if ($rectype eq 'addon')
     {
-        dump_fields($stmt_mode, $fields, '');
+        emit_default_action($fields, 1);
     }
-
-
-    # if we added something (ie there are lines in our array), return 1
-    return 1 if (scalar(@{ $rec->{lines} }) > 0);
-    return 0;
+    return;
 }

-
-# include_addon does this same thing, but does not call this
-# sub... so if you change this, you need to fix include_addon too
+# Add the given line to the specified buffer.
 #   Pass:  buffer_name, string_to_append
+# Note we add a newline automatically.
 sub add_to_buffer
 {
     push(@{ $buff{ $_[0] } }, "$_[1]\n");
     return;
 }

+# Dump the specified buffer to the output file.
 sub dump_buffer
 {
     my ($buffer) = @_;
+    # Label the output for debugging purposes.
     print $outfh '/* ', $buffer, ' */', "\n";
     my $ref = $buff{$buffer};
     print $outfh @$ref;
     return;
 }

-sub dump_fields
+# Emit the default action (usually token concatenation) for the current rule.
+#   Pass: fields array, brace_printed boolean
+# brace_printed should be true if caller already printed action's open brace.
+sub emit_default_action
 {
-    my ($mode, $flds, $ln) = @_;
+    my ($flds, $brace_printed) = @_;
     my $len = scalar(@$flds);

-    if ($mode == 0)
+    if ($stmt_mode == 0)
     {
-
-        #Normal
-        add_to_buffer('rules', $ln);
+        # Normal rule
         if ($has_feature_not_supported and not $has_if_command)
         {
             # The backend unconditionally reports
             # FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED in this rule, so let's emit
             # a warning on the ecpg side.
+            if (!$brace_printed)
+            {
+                add_to_buffer('rules', ' { ');
+                $brace_printed = 1;
+            }
             add_to_buffer('rules',
                 'mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_WARNING, "unsupported feature will be passed to server");'
             );
         }
-        $has_feature_not_supported = 0;
-        $has_if_command = 0;

         if ($len == 0)
         {
-
-            # We have no fields ?
+            # Empty rule
+            if (!$brace_printed)
+            {
+                add_to_buffer('rules', ' { ');
+                $brace_printed = 1;
+            }
             add_to_buffer('rules', ' $$=EMPTY; }');
         }
         else
         {
-
-            # Go through each field and try to 'aggregate' the tokens
-            # into a single 'mm_strdup' where possible
+            # Go through each field and aggregate consecutive literal tokens
+            # into a single 'mm_strdup' call.
             my @flds_new;
             my $str;
             for (my $z = 0; $z < $len; $z++)
@@ -600,8 +682,10 @@ sub dump_fields
                     if ($z >= $len - 1
                         || substr($flds->[ $z + 1 ], 0, 1) eq '$')
                     {
-
-                        # We're at the end...
+                        # Can't combine any more literals; push to @flds_new.
+                        # This code would need work if any literals contain
+                        # backslash or double quote, but right now that never
+                        # happens.
                         push(@flds_new, "mm_strdup(\"$str\")");
                         last;
                     }
@@ -614,49 +698,62 @@ sub dump_fields
             $len = scalar(@flds_new);
             if ($len == 1)
             {
-
-                # Straight assignment
+                # Single field can be handled by straight assignment
+                if (!$brace_printed)
+                {
+                    add_to_buffer('rules', ' { ');
+                    $brace_printed = 1;
+                }
                 $str = ' $$ = ' . $flds_new[0] . ';';
                 add_to_buffer('rules', $str);
             }
             else
             {
-
-                # Need to concatenate the results to form
-                # our final string
+                # Need to concatenate the results to form our final string
+                if (!$brace_printed)
+                {
+                    add_to_buffer('rules', ' { ');
+                    $brace_printed = 1;
+                }
                 $str =
                   ' $$ = cat_str(' . $len . ',' . join(',', @flds_new) . ');';
                 add_to_buffer('rules', $str);
             }
-            add_to_buffer('rules', '}');
+            add_to_buffer('rules', '}') if ($brace_printed);
         }
     }
     else
     {
-
-        # we're in the stmt: rule
+        # We're in the "stmt:" rule, where we need to output special actions.
+        # This code assumes that no ecpg.addons entry applies.
         if ($len)
         {
-
-            # or just the statement ...
+            # Any regular kind of statement calls output_statement
             add_to_buffer('rules',
                 ' { output_statement($1, 0, ECPGst_normal); }');
         }
         else
         {
+            # The empty production for stmt: do nothing
             add_to_buffer('rules', ' { $$ = NULL; }');
         }
     }
     return;
 }

-
-sub dump_line
+# Print the accumulated rule text (in $line) and the appropriate action.
+# Ordinarily return 1.  However, if the rule matches an "ignore"
+# entry in %replace_line, then do nothing and return 0.
+sub emit_rule
 {
-    my ($stmt_mode, $fields) = @_;
-    my $block = $non_term_id . $line;
-    $block =~ tr/ |//d;
-    my $rep = $replace_line{$block};
+    my ($fields) = @_;
+
+    # compute tag to be used as lookup key in %replace_line and %addons
+    my $tag = $non_term_id . $line;
+    $tag =~ tr/ |//d;
+
+    # apply replace_line substitution if any
+    my $rep = $replace_line{$tag};
     if ($rep)
     {
         if ($rep eq 'ignore')
@@ -664,6 +761,7 @@ sub dump_line
             return 0;
         }

+        # non-ignore entries replace the line, but we'd better keep any '|'
         if (index($line, '|') != -1)
         {
             $line = '| ' . $rep;
@@ -672,15 +770,15 @@ sub dump_line
         {
             $line = $rep;
         }
-        $block = $non_term_id . $line;
-        $block =~ tr/ |//d;
+
+        # recompute tag for use in emit_rule_action
+        $tag = $non_term_id . $line;
+        $tag =~ tr/ |//d;
     }
+
+    # Emit $line, then print the appropriate action.
     add_to_buffer('rules', $line);
-    my $i = include_addon('rules', $block, $fields, $stmt_mode);
-    if ($i == 0)
-    {
-        dump_fields($stmt_mode, $fields, ' { ');
-    }
+    emit_rule_action($tag, $fields);
     return 1;
 }

--
2.43.5

From 7daa246920cbbd3e937c9506091b19384dda9b05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Date: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 12:23:58 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v4 3/9] Re-implement ecpg preprocessor's string management.

Most productions in the preprocessor grammar construct strings
representing SQL or C statements or fragments thereof.  Instead
of returning these as <str> results of the productions, return
them as "location" values, taking advantage of Bison's flexibility
about what a location is.  We aren't really giving up anything
thereby, since ecpg's error reports have always just given line
numbers, and that's tracked separately.  The advantage of this
is that a single instance of the YYLLOC_DEFAULT macro can
perform all the work needed by the vast majority of productions,
including all the ones made automatically by parse.pl.  This
avoids having large numbers of effectively-identical productions,
which tickles an optimization inefficiency in recent versions of
clang.  (This patch reduces the compilation time for preproc.o
by more than 100-fold with clang 16.)  The compiled parser is
noticeably smaller as well.

A disadvantage of this approach is that YYLLOC_DEFAULT is applied
before running the production's semantic action (if any).  This
means it cannot use the method favored by cat_str() of free'ing
all the input strings; if the action needs to look at the input
strings, it'd be looking at dangling storage.  As this stands,
therefore, it leaks memory like a sieve.  This is already a big
patch though, and fixing the memory management seems like a
separable problem, so let's leave that for the next step.
(This does remove some free() calls that I'd have had to touch
anyway, in the expectation that the next step will manage
memory reclamation quite differently.)

Most of the changes here are mindless substitution of "@N" for
"$N" in grammar rules; see the changes to README.parser for
an explanation.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2011420.1713493114@sss.pgh.pa.us
---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/README.parser    |   32 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons      |  294 ++---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header      |   63 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer     | 1148 +++++++-----------
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.type        |  127 --
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c         |   16 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl         |  215 +---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c         |   58 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h |   15 +-
 9 files changed, 752 insertions(+), 1216 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/README.parser b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/README.parser
index 5698f5ab32..d6bb872165 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/README.parser
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/README.parser
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ Some notes:

 1) Most input matching core grammar productions is simply converted
    to strings and concatenated together to form the SQL string
-   passed to the server.  parse.pl can automatically build the
-   grammar actions needed to do this.
+   passed to the server.  This is handled mostly automatically,
+   as described below.
 2) Some grammar rules need special actions that are added to or
    completely override the default token-concatenation behavior.
    This is controlled by ecpg.addons as explained below.
@@ -14,11 +14,31 @@ Some notes:
 4) ecpg.header contains the "prologue" part of preproc.y, including
    support functions, Bison options, etc.
 5) Additional terminals added by ECPG must be defined in ecpg.tokens.
-   Additional nonterminals added by ECPG must be defined in ecpg.type.
+   Additional nonterminals added by ECPG must be defined in ecpg.type,
+   but only if they have non-void result type, which most don't.

 ecpg.header, ecpg.tokens, ecpg.type, and ecpg.trailer are just
 copied verbatim into preproc.y at appropriate points.

+
+In the original implementation of ecpg, the strings constructed
+by grammar rules were returned as the Bison result of each rule.
+This led to a large number of effectively-identical rule actions,
+which caused compilation-time problems with some versions of clang.
+Now, rules that need to return a string are declared as having
+void type (which in Bison means leaving out any %type declaration
+for them).  Instead, we abuse Bison's "location tracking" mechanism
+to carry the string results, which allows a single YYLLOC_DEFAULT
+call to handle the standard token-concatenation behavior for the
+vast majority of the rules.  Rules that don't need to do anything
+else can omit a semantic action altogether.  Rules that need to
+construct an output string specially can do so, but they should
+assign it to "@$" rather than the usual "$$"; also, to reference
+the string value of the N'th input token, write "@N" not "$N".
+(But rules that return something other than a simple string
+continue to use the normal Bison notations.)
+
+
 ecpg.addons contains entries that begin with a line like
        ECPG: concattokens ruletype
 and typically have one or more following lines that are the code
@@ -69,9 +89,9 @@ parse.pl contains some tables that list backend grammar
 productions to be ignored or modified.

 Nonterminals that construct strings (as described above) should be
-given <str> type, which is parse.pl's default assumption for
-nonterminals found in gram.y.  That can be overridden at need by
-making an entry in parse.pl's %replace_types table.  %replace_types
+given void type, which is parse.pl's default assumption for
+nonterminals found in gram.y.  If the result should be of some other
+type, make an entry in parse.pl's %replace_types table.  %replace_types
 can also be used to suppress output of a nonterminal's rules
 altogether (in which case ecpg.trailer had better provide replacement
 rules, since the nonterminal will still be referred to elsewhere).
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
index 6a1893553b..24ee54554e 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
@@ -3,36 +3,35 @@ ECPG: stmtClosePortalStmt block
     {
         if (INFORMIX_MODE)
         {
-            if (pg_strcasecmp($1 + strlen("close "), "database") == 0)
+            if (pg_strcasecmp(@1 + strlen("close "), "database") == 0)
             {
                 if (connection)
                     mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "AT option not allowed in CLOSE DATABASE statement");

                 fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGdisconnect(__LINE__, \"CURRENT\");");
                 whenever_action(2);
-                free($1);
                 break;
             }
         }

-        output_statement($1, 0, ECPGst_normal);
+        output_statement(@1, 0, ECPGst_normal);
     }
 ECPG: stmtDeallocateStmt block
     {
-        output_deallocate_prepare_statement($1);
+        output_deallocate_prepare_statement(@1);
     }
 ECPG: stmtDeclareCursorStmt block
     {
-        output_simple_statement($1, (strncmp($1, "ECPGset_var", strlen("ECPGset_var")) == 0) ? 4 : 0);
+        output_simple_statement(@1, (strncmp(@1, "ECPGset_var", strlen("ECPGset_var")) == 0) ? 4 : 0);
     }
 ECPG: stmtDiscardStmt block
 ECPG: stmtFetchStmt block
-    { output_statement($1, 1, ECPGst_normal); }
+    { output_statement(@1, 1, ECPGst_normal); }
 ECPG: stmtDeleteStmt block
 ECPG: stmtInsertStmt block
 ECPG: stmtSelectStmt block
 ECPG: stmtUpdateStmt block
-    { output_statement($1, 1, ECPGst_prepnormal); }
+    { output_statement(@1, 1, ECPGst_prepnormal); }
 ECPG: stmtExecuteStmt block
     {
         check_declared_list($1.name);
@@ -94,50 +93,45 @@ ECPG: stmtPrepareStmt block
     }
 ECPG: stmtTransactionStmt block
     {
-        fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGtrans(__LINE__, %s, \"%s\");", connection ? connection : "NULL", $1);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGtrans(__LINE__, %s, \"%s\");", connection ? connection : "NULL", @1);
         whenever_action(2);
-        free($1);
     }
 ECPG: toplevel_stmtTransactionStmtLegacy block
     {
-        fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGtrans(__LINE__, %s, \"%s\");", connection ? connection : "NULL", $1);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGtrans(__LINE__, %s, \"%s\");", connection ? connection : "NULL", @1);
         whenever_action(2);
-        free($1);
     }
 ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
     | ECPGAllocateDescr
     {
-        fprintf(base_yyout, "ECPGallocate_desc(__LINE__, %s);", $1);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "ECPGallocate_desc(__LINE__, %s);", @1);
         whenever_action(0);
-        free($1);
     }
     | ECPGConnect
     {
         if (connection)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "AT option not allowed in CONNECT statement");

-        fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGconnect(__LINE__, %d, %s, %d); ", compat, $1, autocommit);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGconnect(__LINE__, %d, %s, %d); ", compat, @1, autocommit);
         reset_variables();
         whenever_action(2);
-        free($1);
     }
     | ECPGDeclareStmt
     {
-        output_simple_statement($1, 0);
+        output_simple_statement(@1, 0);
     }
     | ECPGCursorStmt
     {
-        output_simple_statement($1, (strncmp($1, "ECPGset_var", strlen("ECPGset_var")) == 0) ? 4 : 0);
+        output_simple_statement(@1, (strncmp(@1, "ECPGset_var", strlen("ECPGset_var")) == 0) ? 4 : 0);
     }
     | ECPGDeallocateDescr
     {
-        fprintf(base_yyout, "ECPGdeallocate_desc(__LINE__, %s);", $1);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "ECPGdeallocate_desc(__LINE__, %s);", @1);
         whenever_action(0);
-        free($1);
     }
     | ECPGDeclare
     {
-        output_simple_statement($1, 0);
+        output_simple_statement(@1, 0);
     }
     | ECPGDescribe
     {
@@ -157,27 +151,25 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "AT option not allowed in DISCONNECT statement");

         fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGdisconnect(__LINE__, %s);",
-                $1 ? $1 : "\"CURRENT\"");
+                @1 ? @1 : "\"CURRENT\"");
         whenever_action(2);
-        free($1);
     }
     | ECPGExecuteImmediateStmt
     {
-        output_statement($1, 0, ECPGst_exec_immediate);
+        output_statement(@1, 0, ECPGst_exec_immediate);
     }
     | ECPGFree
     {
         const char *con = connection ? connection : "NULL";

-        if (strcmp($1, "all") == 0)
+        if (strcmp(@1, "all") == 0)
             fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGdeallocate_all(__LINE__, %d, %s);", compat, con);
-        else if ($1[0] == ':')
-            fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGdeallocate(__LINE__, %d, %s, %s);", compat, con, $1 + 1);
+        else if (@1[0] == ':')
+            fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGdeallocate(__LINE__, %d, %s, %s);", compat, con, @1 + 1);
         else
-            fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGdeallocate(__LINE__, %d, %s, \"%s\");", compat, con, $1);
+            fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGdeallocate(__LINE__, %d, %s, \"%s\");", compat, con, @1);

         whenever_action(2);
-        free($1);
     }
     | ECPGGetDescriptor
     {
@@ -188,15 +180,14 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
     }
     | ECPGGetDescriptorHeader
     {
-        lookup_descriptor($1, connection);
-        output_get_descr_header($1);
-        free($1);
+        lookup_descriptor(@1, connection);
+        output_get_descr_header(@1);
     }
     | ECPGOpen
     {
         struct cursor *ptr;

-        if ((ptr = add_additional_variables($1, true)) != NULL)
+        if ((ptr = add_additional_variables(@1, true)) != NULL)
         {
             connection = ptr->connection ? mm_strdup(ptr->connection) : NULL;
             output_statement(mm_strdup(ptr->command), 0, ECPGst_normal);
@@ -205,18 +196,16 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
     }
     | ECPGSetAutocommit
     {
-        fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGsetcommit(__LINE__, \"%s\", %s);", $1, connection ? connection : "NULL");
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGsetcommit(__LINE__, \"%s\", %s);", @1, connection ? connection : "NULL");
         whenever_action(2);
-        free($1);
     }
     | ECPGSetConnection
     {
         if (connection)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "AT option not allowed in SET CONNECTION statement");

-        fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGsetconn(__LINE__, %s);", $1);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGsetconn(__LINE__, %s);", @1);
         whenever_action(2);
-        free($1);
     }
     | ECPGSetDescriptor
     {
@@ -227,17 +216,15 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
     }
     | ECPGSetDescriptorHeader
     {
-        lookup_descriptor($1, connection);
-        output_set_descr_header($1);
-        free($1);
+        lookup_descriptor(@1, connection);
+        output_set_descr_header(@1);
     }
     | ECPGTypedef
     {
         if (connection)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "AT option not allowed in TYPE statement");

-        fprintf(base_yyout, "%s", $1);
-        free($1);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "%s", @1);
         output_line_number();
     }
     | ECPGVar
@@ -245,180 +232,169 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
         if (connection)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "AT option not allowed in VAR statement");

-        output_simple_statement($1, 0);
+        output_simple_statement(@1, 0);
     }
     | ECPGWhenever
     {
         if (connection)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "AT option not allowed in WHENEVER statement");

-        output_simple_statement($1, 0);
+        output_simple_statement(@1, 0);
     }
 ECPG: where_or_current_clauseWHERECURRENT_POFcursor_name block
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = $4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : $4;
+        char       *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @4;

-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("where current of"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("where current of"), cursor_marker);
     }
 ECPG:
CopyStmtCOPYopt_binaryqualified_nameopt_column_listcopy_fromopt_programcopy_file_namecopy_delimiteropt_withcopy_optionswhere_clause
addon
-        if (strcmp($6, "from") == 0 &&
-            (strcmp($7, "stdin") == 0 || strcmp($7, "stdout") == 0))
+        if (strcmp(@6, "from") == 0 &&
+            (strcmp(@7, "stdin") == 0 || strcmp(@7, "stdout") == 0))
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_WARNING, "COPY FROM STDIN is not implemented");
 ECPG: var_valueNumericOnly addon
-        if ($1[0] == '$')
-        {
-            free($1);
-            $1 = mm_strdup("$0");
-        }
+        if (@1[0] == '$')
+            @$ = mm_strdup("$0");
 ECPG: fetch_argscursor_name addon
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($1, false);
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@1, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
-        if ($1[0] == ':')
-        {
-            free($1);
-            $1 = mm_strdup("$0");
-        }
+        if (@1[0] == ':')
+            @$ = mm_strdup("$0");
 ECPG: fetch_argsfrom_incursor_name addon
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($2, false);
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@2, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
-        if ($2[0] == ':')
-        {
-            free($2);
-            $2 = mm_strdup("$0");
-        }
+        if (@2[0] == ':')
+            @$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup(@1), mm_strdup("$0"));
 ECPG: fetch_argsNEXTopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsPRIORopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsFIRST_Popt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsLAST_Popt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsALLopt_from_incursor_name addon
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($3, false);
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
-        if ($3[0] == ':')
-        {
-            free($3);
-            $3 = mm_strdup("$0");
-        }
+        if (@3[0] == ':')
+            @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup(@1), mm_strdup(@2), mm_strdup("$0"));
 ECPG: fetch_argsSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($3, false);
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);
+        bool    replace = false;

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
-        if ($3[0] == ':')
+        if (@3[0] == ':')
         {
-            free($3);
-            $3 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            @3 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            replace = true;
         }
-        if ($1[0] == '$')
+        if (@1[0] == '$')
         {
-            free($1);
-            $1 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            @1 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            replace = true;
         }
+        if (replace)
+            @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup(@1), mm_strdup(@2), mm_strdup(@3));
 ECPG: fetch_argsFORWARDALLopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsBACKWARDALLopt_from_incursor_name addon
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($4, false);
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
-        if ($4[0] == ':')
-        {
-            free($4);
-            $4 = mm_strdup("$0");
-        }
+        if (@4[0] == ':')
+            @$ = cat_str(4, mm_strdup(@1), mm_strdup(@2), mm_strdup(@3), mm_strdup("$0"));
 ECPG: fetch_argsABSOLUTE_PSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsRELATIVE_PSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsFORWARDSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsBACKWARDSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($4, false);
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);
+        bool    replace = false;

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
-        if ($4[0] == ':')
+        if (@4[0] == ':')
         {
-            free($4);
-            $4 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            @4 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            replace = true;
         }
-        if ($2[0] == '$')
+        if (@2[0] == '$')
         {
-            free($2);
-            $2 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            @2 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            replace = true;
         }
-ECPG: cursor_namename rule
+        if (replace)
+            @$ = cat_str(4, mm_strdup(@1), mm_strdup(@2), mm_strdup(@3), mm_strdup(@4));
+ECPG: cursor_namename block
     | char_civar
     {
-        char       *curname = mm_alloc(strlen($1) + 2);
+        char       *curname = mm_alloc(strlen(@1) + 2);

-        sprintf(curname, ":%s", $1);
-        free($1);
-        $1 = curname;
-        $$ = $1;
+        sprintf(curname, ":%s", @1);
+        @$ = curname;
     }
 ECPG: ExplainableStmtExecuteStmt block
     {
-        $$ = $1.name;
+        @$ = $1.name;
     }
 ECPG: PrepareStmtPREPAREprepared_nameprep_type_clauseASPreparableStmt block
     {
-        $$.name = $2;
-        $$.type = $3;
-        $$.stmt = $5;
+        $$.name = @2;
+        $$.type = @3;
+        $$.stmt = @5;
     }
     | PREPARE prepared_name FROM execstring
     {
-        $$.name = $2;
+        $$.name = @2;
         $$.type = NULL;
-        $$.stmt = $4;
+        $$.stmt = @4;
     }
 ECPG: ExecuteStmtEXECUTEprepared_nameexecute_param_clauseexecute_rest block
     {
-        $$.name = $2;
-        $$.type = $3;
+        $$.name = @2;
+        $$.type = @3;
     }
 ECPG: ExecuteStmtCREATEOptTempTABLEcreate_as_targetASEXECUTEprepared_nameexecute_param_clauseopt_with_dataexecute_rest
block
     {
-        $$.name = cat_str(8, mm_strdup("create"), $2, mm_strdup("table"), $4, mm_strdup("as execute"), $7, $8, $9);
+        $$.name = @$;
     }
 ECPG:
ExecuteStmtCREATEOptTempTABLEIF_PNOTEXISTScreate_as_targetASEXECUTEprepared_nameexecute_param_clauseopt_with_dataexecute_rest
block
     {
-        $$.name = cat_str(8, mm_strdup("create"), $2, mm_strdup("table if not exists"), $7, mm_strdup("as execute"),
$10,$11, $12); 
+        $$.name = @$;
     }
 ECPG: DeclareCursorStmtDECLAREcursor_namecursor_optionsCURSORopt_holdFORSelectStmt block
     {
         struct cursor *ptr,
                    *this;
-        char       *cursor_marker = $2[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : mm_strdup($2);
+        char       *cursor_marker = @2[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : mm_strdup(@2);
         char       *comment,
                    *c1,
                    *c2;
-        int            (*strcmp_fn) (const char *, const char *) = (($2[0] == ':' || $2[0] == '"') ? strcmp :
pg_strcasecmp);
+        int            (*strcmp_fn) (const char *, const char *) = ((@2[0] == ':' || @2[0] == '"') ? strcmp :
pg_strcasecmp);

-        if (INFORMIX_MODE && pg_strcasecmp($2, "database") == 0)
+        if (INFORMIX_MODE && pg_strcasecmp(@2, "database") == 0)
             mmfatal(PARSE_ERROR, "\"database\" cannot be used as cursor name in INFORMIX mode");

         for (ptr = cur; ptr != NULL; ptr = ptr->next)
         {
-            if (strcmp_fn($2, ptr->name) == 0)
+            if (strcmp_fn(@2, ptr->name) == 0)
             {
-                if ($2[0] == ':')
-                    mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "using variable \"%s\" in different declare statements is not
supported",$2 + 1); 
+                if (@2[0] == ':')
+                    mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "using variable \"%s\" in different declare statements is not
supported",@2 + 1); 
                 else
-                    mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "cursor \"%s\" is already defined", $2);
+                    mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "cursor \"%s\" is already defined", @2);
             }
         }

         this = (struct cursor *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct cursor));

         this->next = cur;
-        this->name = $2;
+        this->name = mm_strdup(@2);
         this->function = (current_function ? mm_strdup(current_function) : NULL);
         this->connection = connection ? mm_strdup(connection) : NULL;
         this->opened = false;
-        this->command = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("declare"), cursor_marker, $3, mm_strdup("cursor"), $5, mm_strdup("for"),
$7);
+        this->command = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("declare"), cursor_marker, @3, mm_strdup("cursor"), @5, mm_strdup("for"),
@7);
         this->argsinsert = argsinsert;
         this->argsinsert_oos = NULL;
         this->argsresult = argsresult;
@@ -435,47 +411,47 @@ ECPG: DeclareCursorStmtDECLAREcursor_namecursor_optionsCURSORopt_holdFORSelectSt
         }
         comment = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/*"), c1, mm_strdup("*/"));

-        $$ = cat2_str(adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(this), comment);
+        @$ = cat2_str(adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(this), comment);
     }
 ECPG: ClosePortalStmtCLOSEcursor_name block
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = $2[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : $2;
+        char       *cursor_marker = @2[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @2;
         struct cursor *ptr = NULL;

         for (ptr = cur; ptr != NULL; ptr = ptr->next)
         {
-            if (strcmp($2, ptr->name) == 0)
+            if (strcmp(@2, ptr->name) == 0)
             {
                 if (ptr->connection)
                     connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
                 break;
             }
         }
-        $$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup("close"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup("close"), cursor_marker);
     }
 ECPG: opt_hold block
     {
         if (compat == ECPG_COMPAT_INFORMIX_SE && autocommit)
-            $$ = mm_strdup("with hold");
+            @$ = mm_strdup("with hold");
         else
-            $$ = EMPTY;
+            @$ = EMPTY;
     }
 ECPG: into_clauseINTOOptTempTableName block
     {
         FoundInto = 1;
-        $$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup("into"), $2);
+        @$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup("into"), @2);
     }
     | ecpg_into
     {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
 ECPG: TypenameSimpleTypenameopt_array_bounds block
     {
-        $$ = cat2_str($1, $2.str);
+        @$ = cat2_str(@1, $2.str);
     }
 ECPG: TypenameSETOFSimpleTypenameopt_array_bounds block
     {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("setof"), $2, $3.str);
+        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("setof"), @2, $3.str);
     }
 ECPG: opt_array_boundsopt_array_bounds'['']' block
     {
@@ -492,10 +468,10 @@ ECPG: opt_array_boundsopt_array_bounds'['']' block
         $$.index1 = $1.index1;
         $$.index2 = $1.index2;
         if (strcmp($1.index1, "-1") == 0)
-            $$.index1 = mm_strdup($3);
+            $$.index1 = mm_strdup(@3);
         else if (strcmp($1.index2, "-1") == 0)
-            $$.index2 = mm_strdup($3);
-        $$.str = cat_str(4, $1.str, mm_strdup("["), $3, mm_strdup("]"));
+            $$.index2 = mm_strdup(@3);
+        $$.str = cat_str(4, $1.str, mm_strdup("["), @3, mm_strdup("]"));
     }
 ECPG: opt_array_bounds block
     {
@@ -505,108 +481,100 @@ ECPG: opt_array_bounds block
     }
 ECPG: IconstICONST block
     {
-        $$ = make_name();
+        @$ = make_name();
     }
 ECPG: AexprConstNULL_P rule
-    | civar                            { $$ = $1; }
-    | civarind                        { $$ = $1; }
+    | civar
+    | civarind
 ECPG: VariableShowStmtSHOWALL block
     {
         mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "SHOW ALL is not implemented");
-        $$ = EMPTY;
     }
 ECPG: FetchStmtMOVEfetch_args rule
     | FETCH fetch_args ecpg_fetch_into
-    {
-        $$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup("fetch"), $2);
-    }
     | FETCH FORWARD cursor_name opt_ecpg_fetch_into
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = $3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : $3;
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($3, false);
+        char       *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @3;
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch forward"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch forward"), cursor_marker);
     }
     | FETCH FORWARD from_in cursor_name opt_ecpg_fetch_into
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = $4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : $4;
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($4, false);
+        char       *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @4;
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch forward from"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch forward from"), cursor_marker);
     }
     | FETCH BACKWARD cursor_name opt_ecpg_fetch_into
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = $3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : $3;
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($3, false);
+        char       *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @3;
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch backward"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch backward"), cursor_marker);
     }
     | FETCH BACKWARD from_in cursor_name opt_ecpg_fetch_into
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = $4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : $4;
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($4, false);
+        char       *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @4;
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch backward from"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch backward from"), cursor_marker);
     }
     | MOVE FORWARD cursor_name
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = $3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : $3;
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($3, false);
+        char       *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @3;
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move forward"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move forward"), cursor_marker);
     }
     | MOVE FORWARD from_in cursor_name
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = $4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : $4;
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($4, false);
+        char       *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @4;
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move forward from"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move forward from"), cursor_marker);
     }
     | MOVE BACKWARD cursor_name
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = $3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : $3;
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($3, false);
+        char       *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @3;
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move backward"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move backward"), cursor_marker);
     }
     | MOVE BACKWARD from_in cursor_name
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = $4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : $4;
-        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables($4, false);
+        char       *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @4;
+        struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move backward from"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move backward from"), cursor_marker);
     }
 ECPG: limit_clauseLIMITselect_limit_value','select_offset_value block
     {
         mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_WARNING, "no longer supported LIMIT #,# syntax passed to server");
-        $$ = cat_str(4, mm_strdup("limit"), $2, mm_strdup(","), $4);
     }
 ECPG: SignedIconstIconst rule
     | civar
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
index 28e1b2aac4..8df6248c97 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
@@ -13,14 +13,6 @@
 extern int base_yychar;
 extern int base_yynerrs;

-/* Location tracking support --- simpler than bison's default */
-#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Current, Rhs, N) \
-    do { \
-        if (N)                        \
-            (Current) = (Rhs)[1];    \
-        else                        \
-            (Current) = (Rhs)[0];    \
-    } while (0)

 /*
  * The %name-prefix option below will make bison call base_yylex, but we
@@ -200,6 +192,61 @@ make3_str(char *str1, char *str2, char *str3)
     return res_str;
 }

+/*
+ * "Location tracking" support.  We commandeer Bison's location tracking
+ * mechanism to manage the output string for productions that ordinarily would
+ * return a <str> result.  This allows the majority of those productions to
+ * have default semantic actions, reducing the size of the parser, and also
+ * greatly reducing its compilation time on some versions of clang.
+ *
+ * To do this, we make YYLTYPE be a pointer to a malloc'd string, and then
+ * merge the location strings of the input tokens in the default YYLLOC
+ * computation.  Productions that are okay with the standard merge need not
+ * do anything more; otherwise, they can override it by assigning to @$.
+ */
+#define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Current, Rhs, N) yylloc_default(&(Current), Rhs, N)
+
+static void
+yylloc_default(YYLTYPE *target, YYLTYPE *rhs, int N)
+{
+    if (N > 1)
+    {
+        /* Concatenate non-empty inputs with one space between them */
+        char       *result,
+                   *ptr;
+        size_t        needed = 0;
+
+        for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++)
+        {
+            size_t        thislen = strlen(rhs[i]);
+
+            if (needed > 0 && thislen > 0)
+                needed++;
+            needed += thislen;
+        }
+        result = (char *) mm_alloc(needed + 1);
+        ptr = result;
+        for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++)
+        {
+            size_t        thislen = strlen(rhs[i]);
+
+            if (ptr > result && thislen > 0)
+                *ptr++ = ' ';
+            memcpy(ptr, rhs[i], thislen);
+            ptr += thislen;
+        }
+        *ptr = '\0';
+        *target = result;
+    }
+    else if (N == 1)
+    {
+        /* Just re-use the single input */
+        *target = rhs[1];
+    }
+    else
+        *target = EMPTY;
+}
+
 /* and the rest */
 static char *
 make_name(void)
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
index b6233e5e53..e6475e170d 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
@@ -18,20 +18,17 @@ statement: ecpgstart at toplevel_stmt ';'
     }
     | ecpgstart ECPGVarDeclaration
     {
-        fprintf(base_yyout, "%s", $2);
-        free($2);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "%s", @$);
         output_line_number();
     }
     | ECPGDeclaration
     | c_thing
     {
-        fprintf(base_yyout, "%s", $1);
-        free($1);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "%s", @$);
     }
     | CPP_LINE
     {
-        fprintf(base_yyout, "%s", $1);
-        free($1);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "%s", @$);
     }
     | '{'
     {
@@ -58,8 +55,6 @@ CreateAsStmt: CREATE OptTemp TABLE create_as_target AS
     {
         if (FoundInto == 1)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "CREATE TABLE AS cannot specify INTO");
-
-        $$ = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("create"), $2, mm_strdup("table"), $4, mm_strdup("as"), $7, $8);
     }
     | CREATE OptTemp TABLE IF_P NOT EXISTS create_as_target AS
     {
@@ -68,14 +63,12 @@ CreateAsStmt: CREATE OptTemp TABLE create_as_target AS
     {
         if (FoundInto == 1)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "CREATE TABLE AS cannot specify INTO");
-
-        $$ = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("create"), $2, mm_strdup("table if not exists"), $7, mm_strdup("as"), $10, $11);
     }
     ;

 at: AT connection_object
     {
-        connection = $2;
+        connection = @2;

         /*
          * Do we have a variable as connection target?  Remove the variable
@@ -91,55 +84,52 @@ at: AT connection_object
  */
 ECPGConnect: SQL_CONNECT TO connection_target opt_connection_name opt_user
     {
-        $$ = cat_str(5, $3, mm_strdup(","), $5, mm_strdup(","), $4);
+        @$ = cat_str(5, @3, mm_strdup(","), @5, mm_strdup(","), @4);
     }
     | SQL_CONNECT TO DEFAULT
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("NULL, NULL, NULL, \"DEFAULT\"");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("NULL, NULL, NULL, \"DEFAULT\"");
     }
     /* also allow ORACLE syntax */
     | SQL_CONNECT ora_user
     {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("NULL,"), $2, mm_strdup(", NULL"));
+        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("NULL,"), @2, mm_strdup(", NULL"));
     }
     | DATABASE connection_target
     {
-        $$ = cat2_str($2, mm_strdup(", NULL, NULL, NULL"));
+        @$ = cat2_str(@2, mm_strdup(", NULL, NULL, NULL"));
     }
     ;

 connection_target: opt_database_name opt_server opt_port
     {
         /* old style: dbname[@server][:port] */
-        if (strlen($2) > 0 && *($2) != '@')
-            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "expected \"@\", found \"%s\"", $2);
+        if (strlen(@2) > 0 && *(@2) != '@')
+            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "expected \"@\", found \"%s\"", @2);

         /* C strings need to be handled differently */
-        if ($1[0] == '\"')
-            $$ = $1;
+        if (@1[0] == '\"')
+            @$ = @1;
         else
-            $$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), make3_str($1, $2, $3), mm_strdup("\""));
+            @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), make3_str(@1, @2, @3), mm_strdup("\""));
     }
     | db_prefix ':' server opt_port '/' opt_database_name opt_options
     {
         /* new style: <tcp|unix>:postgresql://server[:port][/dbname] */
-        if (strncmp($1, "unix:postgresql", strlen("unix:postgresql")) != 0 && strncmp($1, "tcp:postgresql",
strlen("tcp:postgresql"))!= 0) 
+        if (strncmp(@1, "unix:postgresql", strlen("unix:postgresql")) != 0 && strncmp(@1, "tcp:postgresql",
strlen("tcp:postgresql"))!= 0) 
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "only protocols \"tcp\" and \"unix\" and database type \"postgresql\" are
supported");

-        if (strncmp($3, "//", strlen("//")) != 0)
-            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "expected \"://\", found \"%s\"", $3);
+        if (strncmp(@3, "//", strlen("//")) != 0)
+            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "expected \"://\", found \"%s\"", @3);

-        if (strncmp($1, "unix", strlen("unix")) == 0 &&
-            strncmp($3 + strlen("//"), "localhost", strlen("localhost")) != 0 &&
-            strncmp($3 + strlen("//"), "127.0.0.1", strlen("127.0.0.1")) != 0)
-            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "Unix-domain sockets only work on \"localhost\" but not on \"%s\"", $3 +
strlen("//"));
+        if (strncmp(@1, "unix", strlen("unix")) == 0 &&
+            strncmp(@3 + strlen("//"), "localhost", strlen("localhost")) != 0 &&
+            strncmp(@3 + strlen("//"), "127.0.0.1", strlen("127.0.0.1")) != 0)
+            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "Unix-domain sockets only work on \"localhost\" but not on \"%s\"", @3 +
strlen("//"));

-        $$ = make3_str(make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), $1, mm_strdup(":")), $3, make3_str(make3_str($4, mm_strdup("/"),
$6),$7, mm_strdup("\""))); 
+        @$ = make3_str(make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup(":")), @3, make3_str(make3_str(@4, mm_strdup("/"),
@6),@7, mm_strdup("\""))); 
     }
     | char_variable
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | ecpg_sconst
     {
         /*
@@ -147,128 +137,107 @@ connection_target: opt_database_name opt_server opt_port
          * so we change the quotes. Note, that the rule for ecpg_sconst adds
          * these single quotes.
          */
-        $1[0] = '\"';
-        $1[strlen($1) - 1] = '\"';
-        $$ = $1;
+        @1[0] = '\"';
+        @1[strlen(@1) - 1] = '\"';
+        @$ = @1;
     }
     ;

 opt_database_name: name
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     ;

 db_prefix: ecpg_ident cvariable
     {
-        if (strcmp($2, "postgresql") != 0 && strcmp($2, "postgres") != 0)
-            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "expected \"postgresql\", found \"%s\"", $2);
+        if (strcmp(@2, "postgresql") != 0 && strcmp(@2, "postgres") != 0)
+            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "expected \"postgresql\", found \"%s\"", @2);

-        if (strcmp($1, "tcp") != 0 && strcmp($1, "unix") != 0)
-            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "invalid connection type: %s", $1);
+        if (strcmp(@1, "tcp") != 0 && strcmp(@1, "unix") != 0)
+            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "invalid connection type: %s", @1);

-        $$ = make3_str($1, mm_strdup(":"), $2);
+        @$ = make3_str(@1, mm_strdup(":"), @2);
     }
     ;

 server: Op server_name
     {
-        if (strcmp($1, "@") != 0 && strcmp($1, "//") != 0)
-            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "expected \"@\" or \"://\", found \"%s\"", $1);
+        if (strcmp(@1, "@") != 0 && strcmp(@1, "//") != 0)
+            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "expected \"@\" or \"://\", found \"%s\"", @1);

-        $$ = make2_str($1, $2);
+        @$ = make2_str(@1, @2);
     }
     ;

 opt_server: server
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     ;

 server_name: ColId
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | ColId '.' server_name
-    {
-        $$ = make3_str($1, mm_strdup("."), $3);
-    }
     | IP
     {
-        $$ = make_name();
+        @$ = make_name();
     }
     ;

 opt_port: ':' Iconst
     {
-        $$ = make2_str(mm_strdup(":"), $2);
+        @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup(":"), @2);
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     ;

 opt_connection_name: AS connection_object
     {
-        $$ = $2;
+        @$ = @2;
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("NULL");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("NULL");
     }
     ;

 opt_user: USER ora_user
     {
-        $$ = $2;
+        @$ = @2;
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("NULL, NULL");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("NULL, NULL");
     }
     ;

 ora_user: user_name
     {
-        $$ = cat2_str($1, mm_strdup(", NULL"));
+        @$ = cat2_str(@1, mm_strdup(", NULL"));
     }
     | user_name '/' user_name
     {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, $1, mm_strdup(","), $3);
+        @$ = cat_str(3, @1, mm_strdup(","), @3);
     }
     | user_name SQL_IDENTIFIED BY user_name
     {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, $1, mm_strdup(","), $4);
+        @$ = cat_str(3, @1, mm_strdup(","), @4);
     }
     | user_name USING user_name
     {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, $1, mm_strdup(","), $3);
+        @$ = cat_str(3, @1, mm_strdup(","), @3);
     }
     ;

 user_name: RoleId
     {
-        if ($1[0] == '\"')
-            $$ = $1;
+        if (@1[0] == '\"')
+            @$ = @1;
         else
-            $$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), $1, mm_strdup("\""));
+            @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
     }
     | ecpg_sconst
     {
-        if ($1[0] == '\"')
-            $$ = $1;
+        if (@1[0] == '\"')
+            @$ = @1;
         else
-            $$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), $1, mm_strdup("\""));
+            @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
     }
     | civar
     {
@@ -280,16 +249,16 @@ user_name: RoleId

         /* handle varchars */
         if (type == ECPGt_varchar)
-            $$ = make2_str(mm_strdup(argsinsert->variable->name), mm_strdup(".arr"));
+            @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup(argsinsert->variable->name), mm_strdup(".arr"));
         else
-            $$ = mm_strdup(argsinsert->variable->name);
+            @$ = mm_strdup(argsinsert->variable->name);
     }
     ;

 char_variable: cvariable
     {
         /* check if we have a string variable */
-        struct variable *p = find_variable($1);
+        struct variable *p = find_variable(@1);
         enum ECPGttype type = p->type->type;

         /* If we have just one character this is not a string */
@@ -306,14 +275,14 @@ char_variable: cvariable
                 case ECPGt_char:
                 case ECPGt_unsigned_char:
                 case ECPGt_string:
-                    $$ = $1;
+                    @$ = @1;
                     break;
                 case ECPGt_varchar:
-                    $$ = make2_str($1, mm_strdup(".arr"));
+                    @$ = make2_str(@1, mm_strdup(".arr"));
                     break;
                 default:
                     mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "invalid data type");
-                    $$ = $1;
+                    @$ = @1;
                     break;
             }
         }
@@ -322,72 +291,63 @@ char_variable: cvariable

 opt_options: Op connect_options
     {
-        if (strlen($1) == 0)
+        if (strlen(@1) == 0)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "incomplete statement");

-        if (strcmp($1, "?") != 0)
-            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "unrecognized token \"%s\"", $1);
+        if (strcmp(@1, "?") != 0)
+            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "unrecognized token \"%s\"", @1);

-        $$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("?"), $2);
+        @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("?"), @2);
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     ;

 connect_options: ColId opt_opt_value
     {
-        $$ = make2_str($1, $2);
+        @$ = make2_str(@1, @2);
     }
     | ColId opt_opt_value Op connect_options
     {
-        if (strlen($3) == 0)
+        if (strlen(@3) == 0)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "incomplete statement");

-        if (strcmp($3, "&") != 0)
-            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "unrecognized token \"%s\"", $3);
+        if (strcmp(@3, "&") != 0)
+            mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "unrecognized token \"%s\"", @3);

-        $$ = cat_str(3, make2_str($1, $2), $3, $4);
+        @$ = cat_str(3, make2_str(@1, @2), @3, @4);
     }
     ;

 opt_opt_value: /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | '=' Iconst
     {
-        $$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("="), $2);
+        @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("="), @2);
     }
     | '=' ecpg_ident
     {
-        $$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("="), $2);
+        @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("="), @2);
     }
     | '=' civar
     {
-        $$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("="), $2);
+        @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("="), @2);
     }
     ;

 prepared_name: name
     {
-        if ($1[0] == '\"' && $1[strlen($1) - 1] == '\"')    /* already quoted? */
-            $$ = $1;
+        if (@1[0] == '\"' && @1[strlen(@1) - 1] == '\"')    /* already quoted? */
+            @$ = @1;
         else                    /* not quoted => convert to lowercase */
         {
             size_t        i;

-            for (i = 0; i < strlen($1); i++)
-                $1[i] = tolower((unsigned char) $1[i]);
+            for (i = 0; i < strlen(@1); i++)
+                @1[i] = tolower((unsigned char) @1[i]);

-            $$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), $1, mm_strdup("\""));
+            @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
         }
     }
     | char_variable
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 /*
@@ -400,7 +360,7 @@ ECPGDeclareStmt: DECLARE prepared_name STATEMENT
         /* Check whether the declared name has been defined or not */
         for (ptr = g_declared_list; ptr != NULL; ptr = ptr->next)
         {
-            if (strcmp($2, ptr->name) == 0)
+            if (strcmp(@2, ptr->name) == 0)
             {
                 /* re-definition is not allowed */
                 mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "name \"%s\" is already declared", ptr->name);
@@ -413,7 +373,7 @@ ECPGDeclareStmt: DECLARE prepared_name STATEMENT
         if (ptr)
         {
             /* initial definition */
-            ptr->name = $2;
+            ptr->name = @2;
             if (connection)
                 ptr->connection = mm_strdup(connection);
             else
@@ -423,7 +383,7 @@ ECPGDeclareStmt: DECLARE prepared_name STATEMENT
             g_declared_list = ptr;
         }

-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* declare "), mm_strdup($2), mm_strdup(" as an SQL identifier */"));
+        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* declare "), mm_strdup(@2), mm_strdup(" as an SQL identifier */"));
     }
     ;

@@ -435,26 +395,26 @@ ECPGCursorStmt: DECLARE cursor_name cursor_options CURSOR opt_hold FOR prepared_
     {
         struct cursor *ptr,
                    *this;
-        char       *cursor_marker = $2[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : mm_strdup($2);
-        int            (*strcmp_fn) (const char *, const char *) = (($2[0] == ':' || $2[0] == '"') ? strcmp :
pg_strcasecmp);
+        char       *cursor_marker = @2[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : mm_strdup(@2);
+        int            (*strcmp_fn) (const char *, const char *) = ((@2[0] == ':' || @2[0] == '"') ? strcmp :
pg_strcasecmp);
         struct variable *thisquery = (struct variable *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct variable));
         char       *comment;
         char       *con;

-        if (INFORMIX_MODE && pg_strcasecmp($2, "database") == 0)
+        if (INFORMIX_MODE && pg_strcasecmp(@2, "database") == 0)
             mmfatal(PARSE_ERROR, "\"database\" cannot be used as cursor name in INFORMIX mode");

-        check_declared_list($7);
+        check_declared_list(@7);
         con = connection ? connection : "NULL";
         for (ptr = cur; ptr != NULL; ptr = ptr->next)
         {
-            if (strcmp_fn($2, ptr->name) == 0)
+            if (strcmp_fn(@2, ptr->name) == 0)
             {
                 /* re-definition is a bug */
-                if ($2[0] == ':')
-                    mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "using variable \"%s\" in different declare statements is not
supported",$2 + 1); 
+                if (@2[0] == ':')
+                    mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "using variable \"%s\" in different declare statements is not
supported",@2 + 1); 
                 else
-                    mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "cursor \"%s\" is already defined", $2);
+                    mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "cursor \"%s\" is already defined", @2);
             }
         }

@@ -462,24 +422,24 @@ ECPGCursorStmt: DECLARE cursor_name cursor_options CURSOR opt_hold FOR prepared_

         /* initial definition */
         this->next = cur;
-        this->name = $2;
+        this->name = @2;
         this->function = (current_function ? mm_strdup(current_function) : NULL);
         this->connection = connection ? mm_strdup(connection) : NULL;
-        this->command = cat_str(6, mm_strdup("declare"), cursor_marker, $3, mm_strdup("cursor"), $5, mm_strdup("for
$1"));
+        this->command = cat_str(6, mm_strdup("declare"), cursor_marker, @3, mm_strdup("cursor"), @5, mm_strdup("for
$1"));
         this->argsresult = NULL;
         this->argsresult_oos = NULL;

         thisquery->type = &ecpg_query;
         thisquery->brace_level = 0;
         thisquery->next = NULL;
-        thisquery->name = (char *) mm_alloc(sizeof("ECPGprepared_statement(, , __LINE__)") + strlen(con) +
strlen($7));
-        sprintf(thisquery->name, "ECPGprepared_statement(%s, %s, __LINE__)", con, $7);
+        thisquery->name = (char *) mm_alloc(sizeof("ECPGprepared_statement(, , __LINE__)") + strlen(con) +
strlen(@7));
+        sprintf(thisquery->name, "ECPGprepared_statement(%s, %s, __LINE__)", con, @7);

         this->argsinsert = NULL;
         this->argsinsert_oos = NULL;
-        if ($2[0] == ':')
+        if (@2[0] == ':')
         {
-            struct variable *var = find_variable($2 + 1);
+            struct variable *var = find_variable(@2 + 1);

             remove_variable_from_list(&argsinsert, var);
             add_variable_to_head(&(this->argsinsert), var, &no_indicator);
@@ -490,7 +450,7 @@ ECPGCursorStmt: DECLARE cursor_name cursor_options CURSOR opt_hold FOR prepared_

         comment = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/*"), mm_strdup(this->command), mm_strdup("*/"));

-        $$ = cat_str(2, adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(this),
+        @$ = cat_str(2, adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(this),
                      comment);
     }
     ;
@@ -501,7 +461,7 @@ ECPGExecuteImmediateStmt: EXECUTE IMMEDIATE execstring
          * execute immediate means prepare the statement and immediately
          * execute it
          */
-        $$ = $3;
+        @$ = @3;
     }
     ;

@@ -511,36 +471,24 @@ ECPGExecuteImmediateStmt: EXECUTE IMMEDIATE execstring
 ECPGVarDeclaration: single_vt_declaration;

 single_vt_declaration: type_declaration
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | var_declaration
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 precision: NumericOnly
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 opt_scale: ',' NumericOnly
     {
-        $$ = $2;
+        @$ = @2;
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     ;

-ecpg_interval: opt_interval            { $$ = $1; }
-    | YEAR_P TO MINUTE_P            { $$ = mm_strdup("year to minute"); }
-    | YEAR_P TO SECOND_P            { $$ = mm_strdup("year to second"); }
-    | DAY_P TO DAY_P                { $$ = mm_strdup("day to day"); }
-    | MONTH_P TO MONTH_P            { $$ = mm_strdup("month to month");    }
+ecpg_interval: opt_interval
+    | YEAR_P TO MINUTE_P
+    | YEAR_P TO SECOND_P
+    | DAY_P TO DAY_P
+    | MONTH_P TO MONTH_P
     ;

 /*
@@ -552,8 +500,7 @@ ECPGDeclaration: sql_startdeclare
     }
     var_type_declarations sql_enddeclare
     {
-        fprintf(base_yyout, "%s/* exec sql end declare section */", $3);
-        free($3);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "%s/* exec sql end declare section */", @3);
         output_line_number();
     }
     ;
@@ -569,41 +516,17 @@ sql_enddeclare: ecpgstart END_P DECLARE SQL_SECTION ';'
     ;

 var_type_declarations: /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | vt_declarations
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 vt_declarations: single_vt_declaration
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | CPP_LINE
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | vt_declarations single_vt_declaration
-    {
-        $$ = cat2_str($1, $2);
-    }
     | vt_declarations CPP_LINE
-    {
-        $$ = cat2_str($1, $2);
-    }
     ;

 variable_declarations: var_declaration
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | variable_declarations var_declaration
-    {
-        $$ = cat2_str($1, $2);
-    }
     ;

 type_declaration: S_TYPEDEF
@@ -614,18 +537,18 @@ type_declaration: S_TYPEDEF
     }
     var_type    opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds ';'
     {
-        add_typedef($5, $6.index1, $6.index2, $3.type_enum, $3.type_dimension, $3.type_index, initializer, *$4 ? 1 :
0);
+        add_typedef(@5, $6.index1, $6.index2, $3.type_enum, $3.type_dimension, $3.type_index, initializer, *@4 ? 1 :
0);

-        fprintf(base_yyout, "typedef %s %s %s %s;\n", $3.type_str, *$4 ? "*" : "", $5, $6.str);
+        fprintf(base_yyout, "typedef %s %s %s %s;\n", $3.type_str, *@4 ? "*" : "", @5, $6.str);
         output_line_number();
-        $$ = mm_strdup("");
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     ;

 var_declaration:
     storage_declaration var_type
     {
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_storage = $1;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_storage = @1;
         actual_type[struct_level].type_enum = $2.type_enum;
         actual_type[struct_level].type_str = $2.type_str;
         actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension = $2.type_dimension;
@@ -636,7 +559,7 @@ var_declaration:
     }
     variable_list ';'
     {
-        $$ = cat_str(5, actual_startline[struct_level], $1, $2.type_str, $4, mm_strdup(";\n"));
+        @$ = cat_str(5, actual_startline[struct_level], @1, $2.type_str, @4, mm_strdup(";\n"));
     }
     | var_type
     {
@@ -651,46 +574,31 @@ var_declaration:
     }
     variable_list ';'
     {
-        $$ = cat_str(4, actual_startline[struct_level], $1.type_str, $3, mm_strdup(";\n"));
+        @$ = cat_str(4, actual_startline[struct_level], $1.type_str, @3, mm_strdup(";\n"));
     }
     | struct_union_type_with_symbol ';'
     {
-        $$ = cat2_str($1, mm_strdup(";"));
+        @$ = cat2_str(@1, mm_strdup(";"));
     }
     ;

 opt_bit_field: ':' Iconst
-    {
-        $$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup(":"), $2);
-    }
     | /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     ;

 storage_declaration: storage_clause storage_modifier
-    {
-        $$ = cat2_str($1, $2);
-    }
     | storage_clause
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | storage_modifier
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

-storage_clause: S_EXTERN                { $$ = mm_strdup("extern"); }
-    | S_STATIC                            { $$ = mm_strdup("static"); }
-    | S_REGISTER                        { $$ = mm_strdup("register"); }
-    | S_AUTO                            { $$ = mm_strdup("auto"); }
+storage_clause: S_EXTERN
+    | S_STATIC
+    | S_REGISTER
+    | S_AUTO
     ;

-storage_modifier: S_CONST                { $$ = mm_strdup("const"); }
-    | S_VOLATILE                        { $$ = mm_strdup("volatile"); }
+storage_modifier: S_CONST
+    | S_VOLATILE
     ;

 var_type: simple_type
@@ -703,11 +611,11 @@ var_type: simple_type
     }
     | struct_union_type
     {
-        $$.type_str = $1;
+        $$.type_str = @1;
         $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
         $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");

-        if (strncmp($1, "struct", sizeof("struct") - 1) == 0)
+        if (strncmp(@1, "struct", sizeof("struct") - 1) == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_struct;
             $$.type_sizeof = ECPGstruct_sizeof;
@@ -720,7 +628,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
     }
     | enum_type
     {
-        $$.type_str = $1;
+        $$.type_str = @1;
         $$.type_enum = ECPGt_int;
         $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
         $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
@@ -749,12 +657,12 @@ var_type: simple_type
          * will show up here as a plain identifier, and we need this duplicate
          * code to recognize them.
          */
-        if (strcmp($1, "numeric") == 0)
+        if (strcmp(@1, "numeric") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_numeric;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("numeric");
         }
-        else if (strcmp($1, "decimal") == 0)
+        else if (strcmp(@1, "decimal") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_decimal;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("decimal");
@@ -858,10 +766,10 @@ var_type: simple_type
          * here, but not above because those are not currently SQL keywords.
          * If they ever become so, they must gain duplicate productions above.
          */
-        if (strlen($2) != 0 && strcmp($1, "datetime") != 0 && strcmp($1, "interval") != 0)
+        if (strlen(@2) != 0 && strcmp(@1, "datetime") != 0 && strcmp(@1, "interval") != 0)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "interval specification not allowed here");

-        if (strcmp($1, "varchar") == 0)
+        if (strcmp(@1, "varchar") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_varchar;
             $$.type_str = EMPTY;    /* mm_strdup("varchar"); */
@@ -869,7 +777,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
-        else if (strcmp($1, "bytea") == 0)
+        else if (strcmp(@1, "bytea") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_bytea;
             $$.type_str = EMPTY;
@@ -877,7 +785,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
-        else if (strcmp($1, "float") == 0)
+        else if (strcmp(@1, "float") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_float;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("float");
@@ -885,7 +793,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
-        else if (strcmp($1, "double") == 0)
+        else if (strcmp(@1, "double") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_double;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("double");
@@ -893,7 +801,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
-        else if (strcmp($1, "numeric") == 0)
+        else if (strcmp(@1, "numeric") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_numeric;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("numeric");
@@ -901,7 +809,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
-        else if (strcmp($1, "decimal") == 0)
+        else if (strcmp(@1, "decimal") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_decimal;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("decimal");
@@ -909,7 +817,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
-        else if (strcmp($1, "date") == 0)
+        else if (strcmp(@1, "date") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_date;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("date");
@@ -917,7 +825,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
-        else if (strcmp($1, "timestamp") == 0)
+        else if (strcmp(@1, "timestamp") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_timestamp;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("timestamp");
@@ -925,7 +833,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
-        else if (strcmp($1, "interval") == 0)
+        else if (strcmp(@1, "interval") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_interval;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("interval");
@@ -933,7 +841,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
-        else if (strcmp($1, "datetime") == 0)
+        else if (strcmp(@1, "datetime") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_timestamp;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("timestamp");
@@ -941,7 +849,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
-        else if ((strcmp($1, "string") == 0) && INFORMIX_MODE)
+        else if ((strcmp(@1, "string") == 0) && INFORMIX_MODE)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_string;
             $$.type_str = mm_strdup("char");
@@ -952,7 +860,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
         else
         {
             /* Otherwise, it must be a user-defined typedef name */
-            struct typedefs *this = get_typedef($1, false);
+            struct typedefs *this = get_typedef(@1, false);

             $$.type_str = (this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_varchar || this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_bytea) ? EMPTY :
mm_strdup(this->name);
             $$.type_enum = this->type->type_enum;
@@ -1001,23 +909,11 @@ var_type: simple_type
     ;

 enum_type: ENUM_P symbol enum_definition
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("enum"), $2, $3);
-    }
     | ENUM_P enum_definition
-    {
-        $$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup("enum"), $2);
-    }
     | ENUM_P symbol
-    {
-        $$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup("enum"), $2);
-    }
     ;

 enum_definition: '{' c_list '}'
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("{"), $2, mm_strdup("}"));
-    }
     ;

 struct_union_type_with_symbol: s_struct_union_symbol
@@ -1071,14 +967,11 @@ struct_union_type_with_symbol: s_struct_union_symbol
         this->struct_member_list = struct_member_list[struct_level];

         types = this;
-        $$ = cat_str(4, su_type.type_str, mm_strdup("{"), $4, mm_strdup("}"));
+        @$ = cat_str(4, su_type.type_str, mm_strdup("{"), @4, mm_strdup("}"));
     }
     ;

 struct_union_type: struct_union_type_with_symbol
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | s_struct_union
     {
         struct_member_list[struct_level++] = NULL;
@@ -1090,20 +983,20 @@ struct_union_type: struct_union_type_with_symbol
         ECPGfree_struct_member(struct_member_list[struct_level]);
         struct_member_list[struct_level] = NULL;
         struct_level--;
-        $$ = cat_str(4, $1, mm_strdup("{"), $4, mm_strdup("}"));
+        @$ = cat_str(4, @1, mm_strdup("{"), @4, mm_strdup("}"));
     }
     ;

 s_struct_union_symbol: SQL_STRUCT symbol
     {
         $$.su = mm_strdup("struct");
-        $$.symbol = $2;
+        $$.symbol = @2;
         ECPGstruct_sizeof = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("sizeof("), cat2_str(mm_strdup($$.su), mm_strdup($$.symbol)),
mm_strdup(")"));
     }
     | UNION symbol
     {
         $$.su = mm_strdup("union");
-        $$.symbol = $2;
+        $$.symbol = @2;
     }
     ;

@@ -1111,15 +1004,15 @@ s_struct_union: SQL_STRUCT
     {
         ECPGstruct_sizeof = mm_strdup("");    /* This must not be NULL to
                                              * distinguish from simple types. */
-        $$ = mm_strdup("struct");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("struct");
     }
     | UNION
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("union");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("union");
     }
     ;

-simple_type: unsigned_type                { $$ = $1; }
+simple_type: unsigned_type
     | opt_signed signed_type            { $$ = $2; }
     ;

@@ -1151,15 +1044,12 @@ opt_signed: SQL_SIGNED
     ;

 variable_list: variable
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | variable_list ',' variable
     {
         if (actual_type[struct_level].type_enum == ECPGt_varchar || actual_type[struct_level].type_enum ==
ECPGt_bytea)
-            $$ = cat_str(4, $1, mm_strdup(";"), mm_strdup(actual_type[struct_level].type_storage), $3);
+            @$ = cat_str(4, @1, mm_strdup(";"), mm_strdup(actual_type[struct_level].type_storage), @3);
         else
-            $$ = cat_str(3, $1, mm_strdup(","), $3);
+            @$ = cat_str(3, @1, mm_strdup(","), @3);
     }
     ;

@@ -1173,7 +1063,7 @@ variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initialize
         int           *varlen_type_counter;
         char       *struct_name;

-        adjust_array(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, &dimension, &length,
actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension,actual_type[struct_level].type_index, strlen($1), false); 
+        adjust_array(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, &dimension, &length,
actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension,actual_type[struct_level].type_index, strlen(@1), false); 
         switch (actual_type[struct_level].type_enum)
         {
             case ECPGt_struct:
@@ -1183,7 +1073,7 @@ variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initialize
                 else
                     type = ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_struct_type(struct_member_list[struct_level],
actual_type[struct_level].type_enum,actual_type[struct_level].type_str, actual_type[struct_level].type_sizeof),
dimension);

-                $$ = cat_str(5, $1, mm_strdup($2), $3.str, $4, $5);
+                @$ = cat_str(5, @1, mm_strdup(@2), $3.str, @4, @5);
                 break;

             case ECPGt_varchar:
@@ -1222,9 +1112,9 @@ variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initialize
                 vcn = (char *) mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
                 sprintf(vcn, "%d", *varlen_type_counter);
                 if (strcmp(dimension, "0") == 0)
-                    $$ = cat_str(7, make2_str(mm_strdup(struct_name), vcn), mm_strdup(" { int len; char arr["),
mm_strdup(length),mm_strdup("]; } *"), mm_strdup($2), $4, $5); 
+                    @$ = cat_str(7, make2_str(mm_strdup(struct_name), vcn), mm_strdup(" { int len; char arr["),
mm_strdup(length),mm_strdup("]; } *"), mm_strdup(@2), @4, @5); 
                 else
-                    $$ = cat_str(8, make2_str(mm_strdup(struct_name), vcn), mm_strdup(" { int len; char arr["),
mm_strdup(length),mm_strdup("]; } "), mm_strdup($2), dim_str, $4, $5); 
+                    @$ = cat_str(8, make2_str(mm_strdup(struct_name), vcn), mm_strdup(" { int len; char arr["),
mm_strdup(length),mm_strdup("]; } "), mm_strdup(@2), dim_str, @4, @5); 
                 (*varlen_type_counter)++;
                 break;

@@ -1233,7 +1123,7 @@ variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initialize
             case ECPGt_string:
                 if (atoi(dimension) == -1)
                 {
-                    int            i = strlen($5);
+                    int            i = strlen(@5);

                     if (atoi(length) == -1 && i > 0)    /* char <var>[] =
                                                          * "string" */
@@ -1244,14 +1134,14 @@ variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initialize
                          */
                         free(length);
                         length = mm_alloc(i + sizeof("sizeof()"));
-                        sprintf(length, "sizeof(%s)", $5 + 2);
+                        sprintf(length, "sizeof(%s)", @5 + 2);
                     }
                     type = ECPGmake_simple_type(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, length, 0);
                 }
                 else
                     type = ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, length, 0),
dimension);

-                $$ = cat_str(5, $1, mm_strdup($2), $3.str, $4, $5);
+                @$ = cat_str(5, @1, mm_strdup(@2), $3.str, @4, @5);
                 break;

             default:
@@ -1260,41 +1150,29 @@ variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initialize
                 else
                     type = ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum,
mm_strdup("1"),0), dimension); 

-                $$ = cat_str(5, $1, mm_strdup($2), $3.str, $4, $5);
+                @$ = cat_str(5, @1, mm_strdup(@2), $3.str, @4, @5);
                 break;
         }

         if (struct_level == 0)
-            new_variable($2, type, braces_open);
+            new_variable(@2, type, braces_open);
         else
-            ECPGmake_struct_member($2, type, &(struct_member_list[struct_level - 1]));
-
-        free($2);
+            ECPGmake_struct_member(@2, type, &(struct_member_list[struct_level - 1]));
     }
     ;

 opt_initializer: /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | '=' c_term
     {
         initializer = 1;
-        $$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup("="), $2);
     }
     ;

 opt_pointer: /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | '*'
-    {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("*");
-    }
     | '*' '*'
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("**");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("**");
     }
     ;

@@ -1304,7 +1182,7 @@ opt_pointer: /* EMPTY */
 ECPGDeclare: DECLARE STATEMENT ecpg_ident
     {
         /* this is only supported for compatibility */
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* declare statement"), $3, mm_strdup("*/"));
+        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* declare statement"), @3, mm_strdup("*/"));
     }
     ;
 /*
@@ -1312,49 +1190,40 @@ ECPGDeclare: DECLARE STATEMENT ecpg_ident
  */
 ECPGDisconnect: SQL_DISCONNECT dis_name
     {
-        $$ = $2;
+        @$ = @2;
     }
     ;

 dis_name: connection_object
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | CURRENT_P
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("\"CURRENT\"");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("\"CURRENT\"");
     }
     | ALL
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("\"ALL\"");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("\"ALL\"");
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("\"CURRENT\"");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("\"CURRENT\"");
     }
     ;

 connection_object: name
     {
-        $$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), $1, mm_strdup("\""));
+        @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
     }
     | DEFAULT
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("\"DEFAULT\"");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("\"DEFAULT\"");
     }
     | char_variable
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 execstring: char_variable
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | CSTRING
     {
-        $$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), $1, mm_strdup("\""));
+        @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
     }
     ;

@@ -1364,11 +1233,11 @@ execstring: char_variable
  */
 ECPGFree: SQL_FREE cursor_name
     {
-        $$ = $2;
+        @$ = @2;
     }
     | SQL_FREE ALL
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("all");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("all");
     }
     ;

@@ -1377,60 +1246,51 @@ ECPGFree: SQL_FREE cursor_name
  */
 ECPGOpen: SQL_OPEN cursor_name opt_ecpg_using
     {
-        if ($2[0] == ':')
-            remove_variable_from_list(&argsinsert, find_variable($2 + 1));
-        $$ = $2;
+        if (@2[0] == ':')
+            remove_variable_from_list(&argsinsert, find_variable(@2 + 1));
+        @$ = @2;
     }
     ;

 opt_ecpg_using: /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | ecpg_using
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 ecpg_using: USING using_list
     {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     | using_descriptor
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 using_descriptor: USING SQL_P SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar
     {
-        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, descriptor_variable($4, 0), &no_indicator);
-        $$ = EMPTY;
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, descriptor_variable(@4, 0), &no_indicator);
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     | USING SQL_DESCRIPTOR name
     {
-        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, sqlda_variable($3), &no_indicator);
-        $$ = EMPTY;
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, sqlda_variable(@3), &no_indicator);
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     ;

 into_descriptor: INTO SQL_P SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar
     {
-        add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, descriptor_variable($4, 1), &no_indicator);
-        $$ = EMPTY;
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, descriptor_variable(@4, 1), &no_indicator);
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     | INTO SQL_DESCRIPTOR name
     {
-        add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, sqlda_variable($3), &no_indicator);
-        $$ = EMPTY;
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, sqlda_variable(@3), &no_indicator);
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     ;

 into_sqlda: INTO name
     {
-        add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, sqlda_variable($2), &no_indicator);
-        $$ = EMPTY;
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, sqlda_variable(@2), &no_indicator);
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     ;

@@ -1441,55 +1301,28 @@ UsingValue: UsingConst
     {
         char       *length = mm_alloc(32);

-        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen($1));
-        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, new_variable($1, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0),
&no_indicator);
+        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(@1));
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, new_variable(@1, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0),
&no_indicator);
     }
     | civar
     {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     | civarind
     {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     ;

 UsingConst: Iconst
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | '+' Iconst
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("+"), $2);
-    }
     | '-' Iconst
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("-"), $2);
-    }
     | ecpg_fconst
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | '+' ecpg_fconst
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("+"), $2);
-    }
     | '-' ecpg_fconst
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("-"), $2);
-    }
     | ecpg_sconst
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | ecpg_bconst
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | ecpg_xconst
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 /*
@@ -1498,7 +1331,7 @@ UsingConst: Iconst
 ECPGDescribe: SQL_DESCRIBE INPUT_P prepared_name using_descriptor
     {
         $$.input = 1;
-        $$.stmt_name = $3;
+        $$.stmt_name = @3;
     }
     | SQL_DESCRIBE opt_output prepared_name using_descriptor
     {
@@ -1509,33 +1342,27 @@ ECPGDescribe: SQL_DESCRIBE INPUT_P prepared_name using_descriptor
         add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, var, &no_indicator);

         $$.input = 0;
-        $$.stmt_name = $3;
+        $$.stmt_name = @3;
     }
     | SQL_DESCRIBE opt_output prepared_name into_descriptor
     {
         $$.input = 0;
-        $$.stmt_name = $3;
+        $$.stmt_name = @3;
     }
     | SQL_DESCRIBE INPUT_P prepared_name into_sqlda
     {
         $$.input = 1;
-        $$.stmt_name = $3;
+        $$.stmt_name = @3;
     }
     | SQL_DESCRIBE opt_output prepared_name into_sqlda
     {
         $$.input = 0;
-        $$.stmt_name = $3;
+        $$.stmt_name = @3;
     }
     ;

 opt_output: SQL_OUTPUT
-    {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("output");
-    }
     | /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     ;

 /*
@@ -1549,8 +1376,8 @@ opt_output: SQL_OUTPUT
  */
 ECPGAllocateDescr: SQL_ALLOCATE SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar
     {
-        add_descriptor($3, connection);
-        $$ = $3;
+        add_descriptor(@3, connection);
+        @$ = @3;
     }
     ;

@@ -1560,8 +1387,8 @@ ECPGAllocateDescr: SQL_ALLOCATE SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar
  */
 ECPGDeallocateDescr: DEALLOCATE SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar
     {
-        drop_descriptor($3, connection);
-        $$ = $3;
+        drop_descriptor(@3, connection);
+        @$ = @3;
     }
     ;

@@ -1571,7 +1398,7 @@ ECPGDeallocateDescr: DEALLOCATE SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar

 ECPGGetDescriptorHeader: SQL_GET SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar ECPGGetDescHeaderItems
     {
-        $$ = $3;
+        @$ = @3;
     }
     ;

@@ -1581,13 +1408,13 @@ ECPGGetDescHeaderItems: ECPGGetDescHeaderItem

 ECPGGetDescHeaderItem: cvariable '=' desc_header_item
     {
-        push_assignment($1, $3);
+        push_assignment(@1, $3);
     }
     ;

 ECPGSetDescriptorHeader: SET SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar ECPGSetDescHeaderItems
     {
-        $$ = $3;
+        @$ = @3;
     }
     ;

@@ -1597,7 +1424,7 @@ ECPGSetDescHeaderItems: ECPGSetDescHeaderItem

 ECPGSetDescHeaderItem: desc_header_item '=' IntConstVar
     {
-        push_assignment($3, $1);
+        push_assignment(@3, $1);
     }
     ;

@@ -1605,14 +1432,10 @@ IntConstVar: Iconst
     {
         char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);

-        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen($1));
-        new_variable($1, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
-        $$ = $1;
+        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(@1));
+        new_variable(@1, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
     }
     | cvariable
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 desc_header_item: SQL_COUNT
@@ -1627,8 +1450,8 @@ desc_header_item: SQL_COUNT

 ECPGGetDescriptor: SQL_GET SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar VALUE_P IntConstVar ECPGGetDescItems
     {
-        $$.str = $5;
-        $$.name = $3;
+        $$.str = @5;
+        $$.name = @3;
     }
     ;

@@ -1638,14 +1461,14 @@ ECPGGetDescItems: ECPGGetDescItem

 ECPGGetDescItem: cvariable '=' descriptor_item
     {
-        push_assignment($1, $3);
+        push_assignment(@1, $3);
     }
     ;

 ECPGSetDescriptor: SET SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar VALUE_P IntConstVar ECPGSetDescItems
     {
-        $$.str = $5;
-        $$.name = $3;
+        $$.str = @5;
+        $$.name = @3;
     }
     ;

@@ -1655,7 +1478,7 @@ ECPGSetDescItems: ECPGSetDescItem

 ECPGSetDescItem: descriptor_item '=' AllConstVar
     {
-        push_assignment($3, $1);
+        push_assignment(@3, $1);
     }
     ;

@@ -1663,41 +1486,37 @@ AllConstVar: ecpg_fconst
     {
         char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);

-        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen($1));
-        new_variable($1, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
-        $$ = $1;
+        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(@1));
+        new_variable(@1, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
     }
     | IntConstVar
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | '-' ecpg_fconst
     {
         char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
-        char       *var = cat2_str(mm_strdup("-"), $2);
+        char       *var = cat2_str(mm_strdup("-"), @2);

         sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(var));
         new_variable(var, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
-        $$ = var;
+        @$ = var;
     }
     | '-' Iconst
     {
         char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
-        char       *var = cat2_str(mm_strdup("-"), $2);
+        char       *var = cat2_str(mm_strdup("-"), @2);

         sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(var));
         new_variable(var, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
-        $$ = var;
+        @$ = var;
     }
     | ecpg_sconst
     {
         char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
-        char       *var = $1 + 1;
+        char       *var = @1 + 1;

         var[strlen(var) - 1] = '\0';
         sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(var));
         new_variable(var, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
-        $$ = var;
+        @$ = var;
     }
     ;

@@ -1724,22 +1543,16 @@ descriptor_item: SQL_CARDINALITY        { $$ = ECPGd_cardinality; }
  */
 ECPGSetAutocommit: SET SQL_AUTOCOMMIT '=' on_off
     {
-        $$ = $4;
+        @$ = @4;
     }
     | SET SQL_AUTOCOMMIT TO on_off
     {
-        $$ = $4;
+        @$ = @4;
     }
     ;

 on_off: ON
-    {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("on");
-    }
     | OFF
-    {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("off");
-    }
     ;

 /*
@@ -1748,15 +1561,15 @@ on_off: ON
  */
 ECPGSetConnection: SET CONNECTION TO connection_object
     {
-        $$ = $4;
+        @$ = @4;
     }
     | SET CONNECTION '=' connection_object
     {
-        $$ = $4;
+        @$ = @4;
     }
     | SET CONNECTION connection_object
     {
-        $$ = $3;
+        @$ = @3;
     }
     ;

@@ -1771,23 +1584,17 @@ ECPGTypedef: TYPE_P
     }
     ECPGColLabel IS var_type opt_array_bounds opt_reference
     {
-        add_typedef($3, $6.index1, $6.index2, $5.type_enum, $5.type_dimension, $5.type_index, initializer, *$7 ? 1 :
0);
+        add_typedef(@3, $6.index1, $6.index2, $5.type_enum, $5.type_dimension, $5.type_index, initializer, *@7 ? 1 :
0);

         if (auto_create_c == false)
-            $$ = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("/* exec sql type"), mm_strdup($3), mm_strdup("is"), mm_strdup($5.type_str),
mm_strdup($6.str),$7, mm_strdup("*/")); 
+            @$ = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("/* exec sql type"), mm_strdup(@3), mm_strdup("is"), mm_strdup($5.type_str),
mm_strdup($6.str),@7, mm_strdup("*/")); 
         else
-            $$ = cat_str(6, mm_strdup("typedef "), mm_strdup($5.type_str), *$7 ? mm_strdup("*") : mm_strdup(""),
mm_strdup($3),mm_strdup($6.str), mm_strdup(";")); 
+            @$ = cat_str(6, mm_strdup("typedef "), mm_strdup($5.type_str), *@7 ? mm_strdup("*") : mm_strdup(""),
mm_strdup(@3),mm_strdup($6.str), mm_strdup(";")); 
     }
     ;

 opt_reference: SQL_REFERENCE
-    {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("reference");
-    }
     | /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     ;

 /*
@@ -1801,7 +1608,7 @@ ECPGVar: SQL_VAR
     }
     ColLabel    IS var_type opt_array_bounds opt_reference
     {
-        struct variable *p = find_variable($3);
+        struct variable *p = find_variable(@3);
         char       *dimension = $6.index1;
         char       *length = $6.index2;
         struct ECPGtype *type;
@@ -1812,7 +1619,7 @@ ECPGVar: SQL_VAR
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "initializer not allowed in EXEC SQL VAR command");
         else
         {
-            adjust_array($5.type_enum, &dimension, &length, $5.type_dimension, $5.type_index, *$7 ? 1 : 0, false);
+            adjust_array($5.type_enum, &dimension, &length, $5.type_dimension, $5.type_index, *@7 ? 1 : 0, false);

             switch ($5.type_enum)
             {
@@ -1856,7 +1663,7 @@ ECPGVar: SQL_VAR
             p->type = type;
         }

-                    $$ = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("/* exec sql var"), mm_strdup($3), mm_strdup("is"),
mm_strdup($5.type_str),mm_strdup($6.str), $7, mm_strdup("*/")); 
+                    @$ = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("/* exec sql var"), mm_strdup(@3), mm_strdup("is"),
mm_strdup($5.type_str),mm_strdup($6.str), @7, mm_strdup("*/")); 
     }
     ;

@@ -1868,19 +1675,19 @@ ECPGWhenever: SQL_WHENEVER SQL_SQLERROR action
     {
         when_error.code = $<action>3.code;
         when_error.command = $<action>3.command;
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* exec sql whenever sqlerror "), $3.str, mm_strdup("; */"));
+        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* exec sql whenever sqlerror "), $3.str, mm_strdup("; */"));
     }
     | SQL_WHENEVER NOT SQL_FOUND action
     {
         when_nf.code = $<action>4.code;
         when_nf.command = $<action>4.command;
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* exec sql whenever not found "), $4.str, mm_strdup("; */"));
+        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* exec sql whenever not found "), $4.str, mm_strdup("; */"));
     }
     | SQL_WHENEVER SQL_SQLWARNING action
     {
         when_warn.code = $<action>3.code;
         when_warn.command = $<action>3.command;
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* exec sql whenever sql_warning "), $3.str, mm_strdup("; */"));
+        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* exec sql whenever sql_warning "), $3.str, mm_strdup("; */"));
     }
     ;

@@ -1905,19 +1712,19 @@ action: CONTINUE_P
     | SQL_GOTO name
     {
         $<action>$.code = W_GOTO;
-        $<action>$.command = mm_strdup($2);
-        $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("goto "), $2);
+        $<action>$.command = mm_strdup(@2);
+        $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("goto "), @2);
     }
     | SQL_GO TO name
     {
         $<action>$.code = W_GOTO;
-        $<action>$.command = mm_strdup($3);
-        $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("goto "), $3);
+        $<action>$.command = mm_strdup(@3);
+        $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("goto "), @3);
     }
     | DO name '(' c_args ')'
     {
         $<action>$.code = W_DO;
-        $<action>$.command = cat_str(4, $2, mm_strdup("("), $4, mm_strdup(")"));
+        $<action>$.command = cat_str(4, @2, mm_strdup("("), @4, mm_strdup(")"));
         $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("do"), mm_strdup($<action>$.command));
     }
     | DO SQL_BREAK
@@ -1935,13 +1742,13 @@ action: CONTINUE_P
     | CALL name '(' c_args ')'
     {
         $<action>$.code = W_DO;
-        $<action>$.command = cat_str(4, $2, mm_strdup("("), $4, mm_strdup(")"));
+        $<action>$.command = cat_str(4, @2, mm_strdup("("), @4, mm_strdup(")"));
         $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("call"), mm_strdup($<action>$.command));
     }
     | CALL name
     {
         $<action>$.code = W_DO;
-        $<action>$.command = cat2_str($2, mm_strdup("()"));
+        $<action>$.command = cat2_str(@2, mm_strdup("()"));
         $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("call"), mm_strdup($<action>$.command));
     }
     ;
@@ -1949,63 +1756,63 @@ action: CONTINUE_P
 /* some other stuff for ecpg */

 /* additional unreserved keywords */
-ECPGKeywords: ECPGKeywords_vanames        { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGKeywords_rest                    { $$ = $1; }
-    ;
-
-ECPGKeywords_vanames: SQL_BREAK            { $$ = mm_strdup("break"); }
-    | SQL_CARDINALITY                    { $$ = mm_strdup("cardinality"); }
-    | SQL_COUNT                            { $$ = mm_strdup("count"); }
-    | SQL_DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE        { $$ = mm_strdup("datetime_interval_code"); }
-    | SQL_DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION    { $$ = mm_strdup("datetime_interval_precision"); }
-    | SQL_FOUND                            { $$ = mm_strdup("found"); }
-    | SQL_GO                            { $$ = mm_strdup("go"); }
-    | SQL_GOTO                            { $$ = mm_strdup("goto"); }
-    | SQL_IDENTIFIED                    { $$ = mm_strdup("identified"); }
-    | SQL_INDICATOR                        { $$ = mm_strdup("indicator"); }
-    | SQL_KEY_MEMBER                    { $$ = mm_strdup("key_member"); }
-    | SQL_LENGTH                        { $$ = mm_strdup("length"); }
-    | SQL_NULLABLE                        { $$ = mm_strdup("nullable"); }
-    | SQL_OCTET_LENGTH                    { $$ = mm_strdup("octet_length"); }
-    | SQL_RETURNED_LENGTH                { $$ = mm_strdup("returned_length"); }
-    | SQL_RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH            { $$ = mm_strdup("returned_octet_length"); }
-    | SQL_SCALE                            { $$ = mm_strdup("scale"); }
-    | SQL_SECTION                        { $$ = mm_strdup("section"); }
-    | SQL_SQLERROR                        { $$ = mm_strdup("sqlerror"); }
-    | SQL_SQLPRINT                        { $$ = mm_strdup("sqlprint"); }
-    | SQL_SQLWARNING                    { $$ = mm_strdup("sqlwarning"); }
-    | SQL_STOP                            { $$ = mm_strdup("stop"); }
-    ;
-
-ECPGKeywords_rest: SQL_CONNECT            { $$ = mm_strdup("connect"); }
-    | SQL_DESCRIBE                        { $$ = mm_strdup("describe"); }
-    | SQL_DISCONNECT                    { $$ = mm_strdup("disconnect"); }
-    | SQL_OPEN                            { $$ = mm_strdup("open"); }
-    | SQL_VAR                            { $$ = mm_strdup("var"); }
-    | SQL_WHENEVER                        { $$ = mm_strdup("whenever"); }
+ECPGKeywords: ECPGKeywords_vanames
+    | ECPGKeywords_rest
+    ;
+
+ECPGKeywords_vanames: SQL_BREAK
+    | SQL_CARDINALITY
+    | SQL_COUNT
+    | SQL_DATETIME_INTERVAL_CODE
+    | SQL_DATETIME_INTERVAL_PRECISION
+    | SQL_FOUND
+    | SQL_GO
+    | SQL_GOTO
+    | SQL_IDENTIFIED
+    | SQL_INDICATOR
+    | SQL_KEY_MEMBER
+    | SQL_LENGTH
+    | SQL_NULLABLE
+    | SQL_OCTET_LENGTH
+    | SQL_RETURNED_LENGTH
+    | SQL_RETURNED_OCTET_LENGTH
+    | SQL_SCALE
+    | SQL_SECTION
+    | SQL_SQLERROR
+    | SQL_SQLPRINT
+    | SQL_SQLWARNING
+    | SQL_STOP
+    ;
+
+ECPGKeywords_rest: SQL_CONNECT
+    | SQL_DESCRIBE
+    | SQL_DISCONNECT
+    | SQL_OPEN
+    | SQL_VAR
+    | SQL_WHENEVER
     ;

 /* additional keywords that can be SQL type names (but not ECPGColLabels) */
-ECPGTypeName: SQL_BOOL                    { $$ = mm_strdup("bool"); }
-    | SQL_LONG                            { $$ = mm_strdup("long"); }
-    | SQL_OUTPUT                        { $$ = mm_strdup("output"); }
-    | SQL_SHORT                            { $$ = mm_strdup("short"); }
-    | SQL_STRUCT                        { $$ = mm_strdup("struct"); }
-    | SQL_SIGNED                        { $$ = mm_strdup("signed"); }
-    | SQL_UNSIGNED                        { $$ = mm_strdup("unsigned"); }
+ECPGTypeName: SQL_BOOL
+    | SQL_LONG
+    | SQL_OUTPUT
+    | SQL_SHORT
+    | SQL_STRUCT
+    | SQL_SIGNED
+    | SQL_UNSIGNED
     ;

-symbol: ColLabel                        { $$ = $1; }
+symbol: ColLabel
     ;

-ECPGColId: ecpg_ident                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | unreserved_keyword                { $$ = $1; }
-    | col_name_keyword                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGunreserved_interval            { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGKeywords                        { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGCKeywords                        { $$ = $1; }
-    | CHAR_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("char"); }
-    | VALUES                            { $$ = mm_strdup("values"); }
+ECPGColId: ecpg_ident
+    | unreserved_keyword
+    | col_name_keyword
+    | ECPGunreserved_interval
+    | ECPGKeywords
+    | ECPGCKeywords
+    | CHAR_P
+    | VALUES
     ;

 /*
@@ -2018,58 +1825,58 @@ ECPGColId: ecpg_ident                    { $$ = $1; }

 /* Column identifier --- names that can be column, table, etc names.
  */
-ColId: ecpg_ident                        { $$ = $1; }
-    | all_unreserved_keyword            { $$ = $1; }
-    | col_name_keyword                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGKeywords                        { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGCKeywords                        { $$ = $1; }
-    | CHAR_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("char"); }
-    | VALUES                            { $$ = mm_strdup("values"); }
+ColId: ecpg_ident
+    | all_unreserved_keyword
+    | col_name_keyword
+    | ECPGKeywords
+    | ECPGCKeywords
+    | CHAR_P
+    | VALUES
     ;

 /* Type/function identifier --- names that can be type or function names.
  */
-type_function_name: ecpg_ident            { $$ = $1; }
-    | all_unreserved_keyword            { $$ = $1; }
-    | type_func_name_keyword            { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGKeywords                        { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGCKeywords                        { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGTypeName                        { $$ = $1; }
+type_function_name: ecpg_ident
+    | all_unreserved_keyword
+    | type_func_name_keyword
+    | ECPGKeywords
+    | ECPGCKeywords
+    | ECPGTypeName
     ;

 /* Column label --- allowed labels in "AS" clauses.
  * This presently includes *all* Postgres keywords.
  */
-ColLabel: ECPGColLabel                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGTypeName                        { $$ = $1; }
-    | CHAR_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("char"); }
-    | CURRENT_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("current"); }
-    | INPUT_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("input"); }
-    | INT_P                                { $$ = mm_strdup("int"); }
-    | TO                                { $$ = mm_strdup("to"); }
-    | UNION                                { $$ = mm_strdup("union"); }
-    | VALUES                            { $$ = mm_strdup("values"); }
-    | ECPGCKeywords                        { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGunreserved_interval            { $$ = $1; }
-    ;
-
-ECPGColLabel: ecpg_ident                { $$ = $1; }
-    | unreserved_keyword                { $$ = $1; }
-    | col_name_keyword                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | type_func_name_keyword            { $$ = $1; }
-    | reserved_keyword                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGKeywords_vanames                { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGKeywords_rest                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | CONNECTION                        { $$ = mm_strdup("connection"); }
-    ;
-
-ECPGCKeywords: S_AUTO                    { $$ = mm_strdup("auto"); }
-    | S_CONST                            { $$ = mm_strdup("const"); }
-    | S_EXTERN                            { $$ = mm_strdup("extern"); }
-    | S_REGISTER                        { $$ = mm_strdup("register"); }
-    | S_STATIC                            { $$ = mm_strdup("static"); }
-    | S_TYPEDEF                            { $$ = mm_strdup("typedef"); }
-    | S_VOLATILE                        { $$ = mm_strdup("volatile"); }
+ColLabel: ECPGColLabel
+    | ECPGTypeName
+    | CHAR_P
+    | CURRENT_P
+    | INPUT_P
+    | INT_P
+    | TO
+    | UNION
+    | VALUES
+    | ECPGCKeywords
+    | ECPGunreserved_interval
+    ;
+
+ECPGColLabel: ecpg_ident
+    | unreserved_keyword
+    | col_name_keyword
+    | type_func_name_keyword
+    | reserved_keyword
+    | ECPGKeywords_vanames
+    | ECPGKeywords_rest
+    | CONNECTION
+    ;
+
+ECPGCKeywords: S_AUTO
+    | S_CONST
+    | S_EXTERN
+    | S_REGISTER
+    | S_STATIC
+    | S_TYPEDEF
+    | S_VOLATILE
     ;

 /* "Unreserved" keywords --- available for use as any kind of name.
@@ -2086,17 +1893,17 @@ ECPGCKeywords: S_AUTO                    { $$ = mm_strdup("auto"); }
  *
  * The mentioned exclusions are done by $replace_line settings in parse.pl.
  */
-all_unreserved_keyword: unreserved_keyword    { $$ = $1; }
-    | ECPGunreserved_interval            { $$ = $1; }
-    | CONNECTION                        { $$ = mm_strdup("connection"); }
+all_unreserved_keyword: unreserved_keyword
+    | ECPGunreserved_interval
+    | CONNECTION
     ;

-ECPGunreserved_interval: DAY_P            { $$ = mm_strdup("day"); }
-    | HOUR_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("hour"); }
-    | MINUTE_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("minute"); }
-    | MONTH_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("month"); }
-    | SECOND_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("second"); }
-    | YEAR_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("year"); }
+ECPGunreserved_interval: DAY_P
+    | HOUR_P
+    | MINUTE_P
+    | MONTH_P
+    | SECOND_P
+    | YEAR_P
     ;

 into_list: coutputvariable | into_list ',' coutputvariable
@@ -2106,73 +1913,66 @@ ecpgstart: SQL_START
     {
         reset_variables();
         pacounter = 1;
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     ;

 c_args: /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | c_list
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 coutputvariable: cvariable indicator
     {
-        add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, find_variable($1), find_variable($2));
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, find_variable(@1), find_variable(@2));
     }
     | cvariable
     {
-        add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, find_variable($1), &no_indicator);
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, find_variable(@1), &no_indicator);
     }
     ;


 civarind: cvariable indicator
     {
-        if (find_variable($2)->type->type == ECPGt_array)
+        if (find_variable(@2)->type->type == ECPGt_array)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "arrays of indicators are not allowed on input");

-        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, find_variable($1), find_variable($2));
-        $$ = create_questionmarks($1, false);
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, find_variable(@1), find_variable(@2));
+        @$ = create_questionmarks(@1, false);
     }
     ;

 char_civar: char_variable
     {
-        char       *ptr = strstr($1, ".arr");
+        char       *ptr = strstr(@1, ".arr");

         if (ptr)                /* varchar, we need the struct name here, not
                                  * the struct element */
             *ptr = '\0';
-        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, find_variable($1), &no_indicator);
-        $$ = $1;
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, find_variable(@1), &no_indicator);
     }
     ;

 civar: cvariable
     {
-        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, find_variable($1), &no_indicator);
-        $$ = create_questionmarks($1, false);
+        add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, find_variable(@1), &no_indicator);
+        @$ = create_questionmarks(@1, false);
     }
     ;

 indicator: cvariable
     {
-        check_indicator((find_variable($1))->type);
-        $$ = $1;
+        check_indicator((find_variable(@1))->type);
     }
     | SQL_INDICATOR cvariable
     {
-        check_indicator((find_variable($2))->type);
-        $$ = $2;
+        check_indicator((find_variable(@2))->type);
+        @$ = @2;
     }
     | SQL_INDICATOR name
     {
-        check_indicator((find_variable($2))->type);
-        $$ = $2;
+        check_indicator((find_variable(@2))->type);
+        @$ = @2;
     }
     ;

@@ -2182,7 +1982,7 @@ cvariable: CVARIABLE
          * As long as multidimensional arrays are not implemented we have to
          * check for those here
          */
-        char       *ptr = $1;
+        char       *ptr = @1;
         int            brace_open = 0,
                     brace = false;

@@ -2209,57 +2009,44 @@ cvariable: CVARIABLE
                     break;
             }
         }
-        $$ = $1;
     }
     ;

 ecpg_param: PARAM
     {
-        $$ = make_name();
+        @$ = make_name();
     }
     ;

 ecpg_bconst: BCONST
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 ecpg_fconst: FCONST
     {
-        $$ = make_name();
+        @$ = make_name();
     }
     ;

 ecpg_sconst: SCONST
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 ecpg_xconst: XCONST
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 ecpg_ident: IDENT
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | CSTRING
     {
-        $$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), $1, mm_strdup("\""));
+        @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
     }
     ;

 quoted_ident_stringvar: name
     {
-        $$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), $1, mm_strdup("\""));
+        @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
     }
     | char_variable
     {
-        $$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("("), $1, mm_strdup(")"));
+        @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("("), @1, mm_strdup(")"));
     }
     ;

@@ -2268,221 +2055,151 @@ quoted_ident_stringvar: name
  */

 c_stuff_item: c_anything
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | '(' ')'
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("()");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("()");
     }
     | '(' c_stuff ')'
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("("), $2, mm_strdup(")"));
-    }
     ;

 c_stuff: c_stuff_item
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | c_stuff c_stuff_item
-    {
-        $$ = cat2_str($1, $2);
-    }
     ;

 c_list: c_term
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | c_list ',' c_term
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, $1, mm_strdup(","), $3);
-    }
     ;

 c_term: c_stuff
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | '{' c_list '}'
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("{"), $2, mm_strdup("}"));
-    }
-    ;
-
-c_thing: c_anything                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | '('                            { $$ = mm_strdup("("); }
-    | ')'                            { $$ = mm_strdup(")"); }
-    | ','                            { $$ = mm_strdup(","); }
-    | ';'                            { $$ = mm_strdup(";"); }
-    ;
-
-c_anything: ecpg_ident                { $$ = $1; }
-    | Iconst                        { $$ = $1; }
-    | ecpg_fconst                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | ecpg_sconst                    { $$ = $1; }
-    | '*'                            { $$ = mm_strdup("*"); }
-    | '+'                            { $$ = mm_strdup("+"); }
-    | '-'                            { $$ = mm_strdup("-"); }
-    | '/'                            { $$ = mm_strdup("/"); }
-    | '%'                            { $$ = mm_strdup("%"); }
-    | NULL_P                        { $$ = mm_strdup("NULL"); }
-    | S_ADD                            { $$ = mm_strdup("+="); }
-    | S_AND                            { $$ = mm_strdup("&&"); }
-    | S_ANYTHING                    { $$ = make_name(); }
-    | S_AUTO                        { $$ = mm_strdup("auto"); }
-    | S_CONST                        { $$ = mm_strdup("const"); }
-    | S_DEC                            { $$ = mm_strdup("--"); }
-    | S_DIV                            { $$ = mm_strdup("/="); }
-    | S_DOTPOINT                    { $$ = mm_strdup(".*"); }
-    | S_EQUAL                        { $$ = mm_strdup("=="); }
-    | S_EXTERN                        { $$ = mm_strdup("extern"); }
-    | S_INC                            { $$ = mm_strdup("++"); }
-    | S_LSHIFT                        { $$ = mm_strdup("<<"); }
-    | S_MEMBER                        { $$ = mm_strdup("->"); }
-    | S_MEMPOINT                    { $$ = mm_strdup("->*"); }
-    | S_MOD                            { $$ = mm_strdup("%="); }
-    | S_MUL                            { $$ = mm_strdup("*="); }
-    | S_NEQUAL                        { $$ = mm_strdup("!="); }
-    | S_OR                            { $$ = mm_strdup("||"); }
-    | S_REGISTER                    { $$ = mm_strdup("register"); }
-    | S_RSHIFT                        { $$ = mm_strdup(">>"); }
-    | S_STATIC                        { $$ = mm_strdup("static"); }
-    | S_SUB                            { $$ = mm_strdup("-="); }
-    | S_TYPEDEF                        { $$ = mm_strdup("typedef"); }
-    | S_VOLATILE                    { $$ = mm_strdup("volatile"); }
-    | SQL_BOOL                        { $$ = mm_strdup("bool"); }
-    | ENUM_P                        { $$ = mm_strdup("enum"); }
-    | HOUR_P                        { $$ = mm_strdup("hour"); }
-    | INT_P                            { $$ = mm_strdup("int"); }
-    | SQL_LONG                        { $$ = mm_strdup("long"); }
-    | MINUTE_P                        { $$ = mm_strdup("minute"); }
-    | MONTH_P                        { $$ = mm_strdup("month"); }
-    | SECOND_P                        { $$ = mm_strdup("second"); }
-    | SQL_SHORT                        { $$ = mm_strdup("short"); }
-    | SQL_SIGNED                    { $$ = mm_strdup("signed"); }
-    | SQL_STRUCT                    { $$ = mm_strdup("struct"); }
-    | SQL_UNSIGNED                    { $$ = mm_strdup("unsigned"); }
-    | YEAR_P                        { $$ = mm_strdup("year"); }
-    | CHAR_P                        { $$ = mm_strdup("char"); }
-    | FLOAT_P                        { $$ = mm_strdup("float"); }
-    | TO                            { $$ = mm_strdup("to"); }
-    | UNION                            { $$ = mm_strdup("union"); }
-    | VARCHAR                        { $$ = mm_strdup("varchar"); }
-    | '['                            { $$ = mm_strdup("["); }
-    | ']'                            { $$ = mm_strdup("]"); }
-    | '='                            { $$ = mm_strdup("="); }
-    | ':'                            { $$ = mm_strdup(":"); }
+    ;
+
+c_thing: c_anything
+    | '('
+    | ')'
+    | ','
+    | ';'
+    ;
+
+/*
+ * Note: NULL_P is treated specially to force it to be output in upper case,
+ * since it's likely meant as a reference to the standard C macro NULL.
+ */
+c_anything: ecpg_ident
+    | Iconst
+    | ecpg_fconst
+    | ecpg_sconst
+    | '*'
+    | '+'
+    | '-'
+    | '/'
+    | '%'
+    | NULL_P                        { @$ = mm_strdup("NULL"); }
+    | S_ADD
+    | S_AND
+    | S_ANYTHING
+    | S_AUTO
+    | S_CONST
+    | S_DEC
+    | S_DIV
+    | S_DOTPOINT
+    | S_EQUAL
+    | S_EXTERN
+    | S_INC
+    | S_LSHIFT
+    | S_MEMBER
+    | S_MEMPOINT
+    | S_MOD
+    | S_MUL
+    | S_NEQUAL
+    | S_OR
+    | S_REGISTER
+    | S_RSHIFT
+    | S_STATIC
+    | S_SUB
+    | S_TYPEDEF
+    | S_VOLATILE
+    | SQL_BOOL
+    | ENUM_P
+    | HOUR_P
+    | INT_P
+    | SQL_LONG
+    | MINUTE_P
+    | MONTH_P
+    | SECOND_P
+    | SQL_SHORT
+    | SQL_SIGNED
+    | SQL_STRUCT
+    | SQL_UNSIGNED
+    | YEAR_P
+    | CHAR_P
+    | FLOAT_P
+    | TO
+    | UNION
+    | VARCHAR
+    | '['
+    | ']'
+    | '='
+    | ':'
     ;

 DeallocateStmt: DEALLOCATE prepared_name
     {
-        check_declared_list($2);
-        $$ = $2;
+        check_declared_list(@2);
+        @$ = @2;
     }
     | DEALLOCATE PREPARE prepared_name
     {
-        check_declared_list($3);
-        $$ = $3;
+        check_declared_list(@3);
+        @$ = @3;
     }
     | DEALLOCATE ALL
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("all");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("all");
     }
     | DEALLOCATE PREPARE ALL
     {
-        $$ = mm_strdup("all");
+        @$ = mm_strdup("all");
     }
     ;

 Iresult: Iconst
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | '(' Iresult ')'
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("("), $2, mm_strdup(")"));
-    }
     | Iresult '+' Iresult
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, $1, mm_strdup("+"), $3);
-    }
     | Iresult '-' Iresult
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, $1, mm_strdup("-"), $3);
-    }
     | Iresult '*' Iresult
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, $1, mm_strdup("*"), $3);
-    }
     | Iresult '/' Iresult
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, $1, mm_strdup("/"), $3);
-    }
     | Iresult '%' Iresult
-    {
-        $$ = cat_str(3, $1, mm_strdup("%"), $3);
-    }
     | ecpg_sconst
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | ColId
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | ColId '(' var_type ')'
     {
-        if (pg_strcasecmp($1, "sizeof") != 0)
+        if (pg_strcasecmp(@1, "sizeof") != 0)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "operator not allowed in variable definition");
         else
-            $$ = cat_str(4, $1, mm_strdup("("), $3.type_str, mm_strdup(")"));
+            @$ = cat_str(4, @1, mm_strdup("("), $3.type_str, mm_strdup(")"));
     }
     ;

 execute_rest: /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | ecpg_using opt_ecpg_into
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | ecpg_into ecpg_using
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | ecpg_into
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     ;

 ecpg_into: INTO into_list
     {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
+        /* always suppress this from the constructed string */
+        @$ = EMPTY;
     }
     | into_descriptor
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 opt_ecpg_into: /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | ecpg_into
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 ecpg_fetch_into: ecpg_into
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     | using_descriptor
     {
         struct variable *var;
@@ -2490,18 +2207,11 @@ ecpg_fetch_into: ecpg_into
         var = argsinsert->variable;
         remove_variable_from_list(&argsinsert, var);
         add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, var, &no_indicator);
-        $$ = $1;
     }
     ;

 opt_ecpg_fetch_into: /* EMPTY */
-    {
-        $$ = EMPTY;
-    }
     | ecpg_fetch_into
-    {
-        $$ = $1;
-    }
     ;

 %%
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.type b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.type
index 4fe80a5a4b..2929f358ff 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.type
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.type
@@ -1,131 +1,4 @@
 /* src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.type */
-%type <str> ECPGAllocateDescr
-%type <str> ECPGCKeywords
-%type <str> ECPGColId
-%type <str> ECPGColLabel
-%type <str> ECPGConnect
-%type <str> ECPGCursorStmt
-%type <str> ECPGDeallocateDescr
-%type <str> ECPGDeclaration
-%type <str> ECPGDeclare
-%type <str> ECPGDeclareStmt
-%type <str> ECPGDisconnect
-%type <str> ECPGExecuteImmediateStmt
-%type <str> ECPGFree
-%type <str> ECPGGetDescHeaderItem
-%type <str> ECPGGetDescItem
-%type <str> ECPGGetDescriptorHeader
-%type <str> ECPGKeywords
-%type <str> ECPGKeywords_rest
-%type <str> ECPGKeywords_vanames
-%type <str> ECPGOpen
-%type <str> ECPGSetAutocommit
-%type <str> ECPGSetConnection
-%type <str> ECPGSetDescHeaderItem
-%type <str> ECPGSetDescItem
-%type <str> ECPGSetDescriptorHeader
-%type <str> ECPGTypeName
-%type <str> ECPGTypedef
-%type <str> ECPGVar
-%type <str> ECPGVarDeclaration
-%type <str> ECPGWhenever
-%type <str> ECPGunreserved_interval
-%type <str> UsingConst
-%type <str> UsingValue
-%type <str> all_unreserved_keyword
-%type <str> c_anything
-%type <str> c_args
-%type <str> c_list
-%type <str> c_stuff
-%type <str> c_stuff_item
-%type <str> c_term
-%type <str> c_thing
-%type <str> char_variable
-%type <str> char_civar
-%type <str> civar
-%type <str> civarind
-%type <str> ColId
-%type <str> ColLabel
-%type <str> connect_options
-%type <str> connection_object
-%type <str> connection_target
-%type <str> coutputvariable
-%type <str> cvariable
-%type <str> db_prefix
-%type <str> CreateAsStmt
-%type <str> DeallocateStmt
-%type <str> dis_name
-%type <str> ecpg_bconst
-%type <str> ecpg_fconst
-%type <str> ecpg_ident
-%type <str> ecpg_interval
-%type <str> ecpg_into
-%type <str> ecpg_fetch_into
-%type <str> ecpg_param
-%type <str> ecpg_sconst
-%type <str> ecpg_using
-%type <str> ecpg_xconst
-%type <str> enum_definition
-%type <str> enum_type
-%type <str> execstring
-%type <str> execute_rest
-%type <str> indicator
-%type <str> into_descriptor
-%type <str> into_sqlda
-%type <str> Iresult
-%type <str> on_off
-%type <str> opt_bit_field
-%type <str> opt_connection_name
-%type <str> opt_database_name
-%type <str> opt_ecpg_into
-%type <str> opt_ecpg_fetch_into
-%type <str> opt_ecpg_using
-%type <str> opt_initializer
-%type <str> opt_options
-%type <str> opt_output
-%type <str> opt_pointer
-%type <str> opt_port
-%type <str> opt_reference
-%type <str> opt_scale
-%type <str> opt_server
-%type <str> opt_user
-%type <str> opt_opt_value
-%type <str> ora_user
-%type <str> precision
-%type <str> prepared_name
-%type <str> quoted_ident_stringvar
-%type <str> s_struct_union
-%type <str> server
-%type <str> server_name
-%type <str> single_vt_declaration
-%type <str> storage_clause
-%type <str> storage_declaration
-%type <str> storage_modifier
-%type <str> struct_union_type
-%type <str> struct_union_type_with_symbol
-%type <str> symbol
-%type <str> type_declaration
-%type <str> type_function_name
-%type <str> user_name
-%type <str> using_descriptor
-%type <str> var_declaration
-%type <str> var_type_declarations
-%type <str> variable
-%type <str> variable_declarations
-%type <str> variable_list
-%type <str> vt_declarations
-
-%type <str> Op
-%type <str> IntConstVar
-%type <str> AllConstVar
-%type <str> CSTRING
-%type <str> CPP_LINE
-%type <str> CVARIABLE
-%type <str> BCONST
-%type <str> SCONST
-%type <str> XCONST
-%type <str> IDENT
-
 %type  <struct_union> s_struct_union_symbol

 %type  <descriptor> ECPGGetDescriptor
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c
index 6c0b8a27b1..8d2b6e7cb8 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@

 #include "preproc_extern.h"

-static void output_escaped_str(char *str, bool quoted);
+static void output_escaped_str(const char *str, bool quoted);

 void
 output_line_number(void)
@@ -16,13 +16,12 @@ output_line_number(void)
 }

 void
-output_simple_statement(char *stmt, int whenever_mode)
+output_simple_statement(const char *stmt, int whenever_mode)
 {
     output_escaped_str(stmt, false);
     if (whenever_mode)
         whenever_action(whenever_mode);
     output_line_number();
-    free(stmt);
 }


@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ static char *ecpg_statement_type_name[] = {
 };

 void
-output_statement(char *stmt, int whenever_mode, enum ECPG_statement_type st)
+output_statement(const char *stmt, int whenever_mode, enum ECPG_statement_type st)
 {
     fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGdo(__LINE__, %d, %d, %s, %d, ", compat, force_indicator, connection ? connection :
"NULL",questionmarks); 

@@ -163,11 +162,10 @@ output_statement(char *stmt, int whenever_mode, enum ECPG_statement_type st)
     reset_variables();

     whenever_action(whenever_mode | 2);
-    free(stmt);
 }

 void
-output_prepare_statement(char *name, char *stmt)
+output_prepare_statement(const char *name, const char *stmt)
 {
     fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGprepare(__LINE__, %s, %d, ", connection ? connection : "NULL", questionmarks);
     output_escaped_str(name, true);
@@ -175,11 +173,10 @@ output_prepare_statement(char *name, char *stmt)
     output_escaped_str(stmt, true);
     fputs(");", base_yyout);
     whenever_action(2);
-    free(name);
 }

 void
-output_deallocate_prepare_statement(char *name)
+output_deallocate_prepare_statement(const char *name)
 {
     const char *con = connection ? connection : "NULL";

@@ -193,11 +190,10 @@ output_deallocate_prepare_statement(char *name)
         fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGdeallocate_all(__LINE__, %d, %s);", compat, con);

     whenever_action(2);
-    free(name);
 }

 static void
-output_escaped_str(char *str, bool quoted)
+output_escaped_str(const char *str, bool quoted)
 {
     int            i = 0;
     int            len = strlen(str);
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl
index 5a00271468..98d44d4bf2 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parse.pl
@@ -44,27 +44,10 @@ my %replace_token = (
     'IDENT' => 'ecpg_ident',
     'PARAM' => 'ecpg_param',);

-# Substitutions to apply to terminal token names to reconstruct the
-# literal form of the token.  (There is also a hard-wired substitution
-# rule that strips trailing '_P'.)
-my %replace_string = (
-    'FORMAT_LA' => 'format',
-    'NOT_LA' => 'not',
-    'NULLS_LA' => 'nulls',
-    'WITH_LA' => 'with',
-    'WITHOUT_LA' => 'without',
-    'TYPECAST' => '::',
-    'DOT_DOT' => '..',
-    'COLON_EQUALS' => ':=',
-    'EQUALS_GREATER' => '=>',
-    'LESS_EQUALS' => '<=',
-    'GREATER_EQUALS' => '>=',
-    'NOT_EQUALS' => '<>',);
-
-# This hash can provide a result type to override '<str>' for nonterminals
+# This hash can provide a result type to override "void" for nonterminals
 # that need that, or it can specify 'ignore' to cause us to skip the rule
-# for that nonterminal.  (In that case, ecpg.trailer had better provide
-# a substitute rule.)
+# for that nonterminal.  (In either case, ecpg.trailer had better provide
+# a substitute rule, since the default won't do.)
 my %replace_types = (
     'PrepareStmt' => '<prep>',
     'ExecuteStmt' => '<exec>',
@@ -175,11 +158,8 @@ my $non_term_id;
 # we plan to emit for the current rule.
 my $line = '';

-# @fields holds the items to be emitted in the token-concatenation action
-# for the current rule (assuming we emit one).  "$N" refers to the N'th
-# input token of the rule; anything else is a string to emit literally.
-# (We assume no such string can need to start with '$'.)
-my @fields;
+# count of tokens included in $line.
+my $line_count = 0;


 # Open parser / output file early, to raise errors early.
@@ -244,10 +224,6 @@ sub main
             $has_if_command = 1 if /^\s*if/;
         }

-        # We track %prec per-line, not per-rule, which is not quite right
-        # but there are no counterexamples in gram.y at present.
-        my $prec = 0;
-
         # Make sure any braces are split into separate fields
         s/{/ { /g;
         s/}/ } /g;
@@ -296,7 +272,7 @@ sub main
                 }

                 # If it's "<something>", it's a type in a %token declaration,
-                # which we can just drop.
+                # which we should just drop so that the tokens have void type.
                 if (substr($a, 0, 1) eq '<')
                 {
                     next;
@@ -376,7 +352,7 @@ sub main
                 if ($copymode)
                 {
                     # Print the accumulated rule.
-                    emit_rule(\@fields);
+                    emit_rule();
                     add_to_buffer('rules', ";\n\n");
                 }
                 else
@@ -386,8 +362,8 @@ sub main
                 }

                 # Reset for the next rule.
-                @fields = ();
                 $line = '';
+                $line_count = 0;
                 $in_rule = 0;
                 $alt_count = 0;
                 $has_feature_not_supported = 0;
@@ -401,11 +377,10 @@ sub main
                 {
                     # Print the accumulated alternative.
                     # Increment $alt_count for each non-ignored alternative.
-                    $alt_count += emit_rule(\@fields);
+                    $alt_count += emit_rule();
                 }

                 # Reset for the next alternative.
-                @fields = ();
                 # Start the next line with '|' if we've printed at least one
                 # alternative.
                 if ($alt_count > 1)
@@ -416,6 +391,7 @@ sub main
                 {
                     $line = '';
                 }
+                $line_count = 0;
                 $has_feature_not_supported = 0;
                 $has_if_command = 0;
                 next;
@@ -444,13 +420,9 @@ sub main
                     $fieldIndexer++;
                 }

-                # Check for %replace_types override of nonterminal's type
-                if (not defined $replace_types{$non_term_id})
-                {
-                    # By default, the type is <str>
-                    $replace_types{$non_term_id} = '<str>';
-                }
-                elsif ($replace_types{$non_term_id} eq 'ignore')
+                # Check for %replace_types entry indicating to ignore it.
+                if (defined $replace_types{$non_term_id}
+                    && $replace_types{$non_term_id} eq 'ignore')
                 {
                     # We'll ignore this nonterminal and rule altogether.
                     $copymode = 0;
@@ -470,22 +442,26 @@ sub main
                     $stmt_mode = 0;
                 }

-                # Emit appropriate %type declaration for this nonterminal.
-                my $tstr =
-                    '%type '
-                  . $replace_types{$non_term_id} . ' '
-                  . $non_term_id;
-                add_to_buffer('types', $tstr);
+                # Emit appropriate %type declaration for this nonterminal,
+                # if it has a type; otherwise omit that.
+                if (defined $replace_types{$non_term_id})
+                {
+                    my $tstr =
+                        '%type '
+                      . $replace_types{$non_term_id} . ' '
+                      . $non_term_id;
+                    add_to_buffer('types', $tstr);
+                }

                 # Emit the target part of the rule.
                 # Note: the leading space is just to match
                 # the old, rather weird output logic.
-                $tstr = ' ' . $non_term_id . ':';
+                my $tstr = ' ' . $non_term_id . ':';
                 add_to_buffer('rules', $tstr);

-                # Prepare for reading the fields (tokens) of the rule.
+                # Prepare for reading the tokens of the rule.
                 $line = '';
-                @fields = ();
+                $line_count = 0;
                 die "unterminated rule at grammar line $.\n"
                   if $in_rule;
                 $in_rule = 1;
@@ -496,48 +472,7 @@ sub main
             {
                 # Not a nonterminal declaration, so just add it to $line.
                 $line = $line . ' ' . $arr[$fieldIndexer];
-            }
-
-            # %prec and whatever follows it should get added to $line,
-            # but not to @fields.
-            if ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '%prec')
-            {
-                $prec = 1;
-                next;
-            }
-
-            # Emit transformed version of token to @fields if appropriate.
-            if (   $copymode
-                && !$prec
-                && !$comment
-                && $in_rule)
-            {
-                my $S = $arr[$fieldIndexer];
-
-                # If it's a known terminal token (other than Op) or a literal
-                # character, we need to emit the equivalent string, which'll
-                # later get wrapped into a C string literal, perhaps after
-                # merging with adjacent strings.
-                if ($S ne 'Op'
-                    && (defined $tokens{$S}
-                        || $S =~ /^'.+'$/))
-                {
-                    # Apply replace_string substitution if any.
-                    $S = $replace_string{$S} if (exists $replace_string{$S});
-                    # Automatically strip _P if present.
-                    $S =~ s/_P$//;
-                    # And get rid of quotes if it's a literal character.
-                    $S =~ tr/'//d;
-                    # Finally, downcase and push into @fields.
-                    push(@fields, lc($S));
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    # Otherwise, push a $N reference to this input token.
-                    # (We assume this cannot be confused with anything the
-                    # above code would produce.)
-                    push(@fields, '$' . (scalar(@fields) + 1));
-                }
+                $line_count++;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -568,13 +503,13 @@ sub include_file
 # by an ecpg.addons entry.
 sub emit_rule_action
 {
-    my ($tag, $fields) = @_;
+    my ($tag) = @_;

     # See if we have an addons entry; if not, just emit default action
     my $rec = $addons{$tag};
     if (!$rec)
     {
-        emit_default_action($fields, 0);
+        emit_default_action(0);
         return;
     }

@@ -585,7 +520,7 @@ sub emit_rule_action
     if ($rectype eq 'rule')
     {
         # Emit default action and then the code block.
-        emit_default_action($fields, 0);
+        emit_default_action(0);
     }
     elsif ($rectype eq 'addon')
     {
@@ -600,7 +535,7 @@ sub emit_rule_action

     if ($rectype eq 'addon')
     {
-        emit_default_action($fields, 1);
+        emit_default_action(1);
     }
     return;
 }
@@ -626,12 +561,11 @@ sub dump_buffer
 }

 # Emit the default action (usually token concatenation) for the current rule.
-#   Pass: fields array, brace_printed boolean
+#   Pass: brace_printed boolean
 # brace_printed should be true if caller already printed action's open brace.
 sub emit_default_action
 {
-    my ($flds, $brace_printed) = @_;
-    my $len = scalar(@$flds);
+    my ($brace_printed) = @_;

     if ($stmt_mode == 0)
     {
@@ -651,91 +585,21 @@ sub emit_default_action
             );
         }

-        if ($len == 0)
-        {
-            # Empty rule
-            if (!$brace_printed)
-            {
-                add_to_buffer('rules', ' { ');
-                $brace_printed = 1;
-            }
-            add_to_buffer('rules', ' $$=EMPTY; }');
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            # Go through each field and aggregate consecutive literal tokens
-            # into a single 'mm_strdup' call.
-            my @flds_new;
-            my $str;
-            for (my $z = 0; $z < $len; $z++)
-            {
-                if (substr($flds->[$z], 0, 1) eq '$')
-                {
-                    push(@flds_new, $flds->[$z]);
-                    next;
-                }
-
-                $str = $flds->[$z];
-
-                while (1)
-                {
-                    if ($z >= $len - 1
-                        || substr($flds->[ $z + 1 ], 0, 1) eq '$')
-                    {
-                        # Can't combine any more literals; push to @flds_new.
-                        # This code would need work if any literals contain
-                        # backslash or double quote, but right now that never
-                        # happens.
-                        push(@flds_new, "mm_strdup(\"$str\")");
-                        last;
-                    }
-                    $z++;
-                    $str = $str . ' ' . $flds->[$z];
-                }
-            }
-
-            # So - how many fields did we end up with ?
-            $len = scalar(@flds_new);
-            if ($len == 1)
-            {
-                # Single field can be handled by straight assignment
-                if (!$brace_printed)
-                {
-                    add_to_buffer('rules', ' { ');
-                    $brace_printed = 1;
-                }
-                $str = ' $$ = ' . $flds_new[0] . ';';
-                add_to_buffer('rules', $str);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                # Need to concatenate the results to form our final string
-                if (!$brace_printed)
-                {
-                    add_to_buffer('rules', ' { ');
-                    $brace_printed = 1;
-                }
-                $str =
-                  ' $$ = cat_str(' . $len . ',' . join(',', @flds_new) . ');';
-                add_to_buffer('rules', $str);
-            }
-            add_to_buffer('rules', '}') if ($brace_printed);
-        }
+        add_to_buffer('rules', '}') if ($brace_printed);
     }
     else
     {
         # We're in the "stmt:" rule, where we need to output special actions.
         # This code assumes that no ecpg.addons entry applies.
-        if ($len)
+        if ($line_count)
         {
             # Any regular kind of statement calls output_statement
             add_to_buffer('rules',
-                ' { output_statement($1, 0, ECPGst_normal); }');
+                ' { output_statement(@1, 0, ECPGst_normal); }');
         }
         else
         {
             # The empty production for stmt: do nothing
-            add_to_buffer('rules', ' { $$ = NULL; }');
         }
     }
     return;
@@ -746,8 +610,6 @@ sub emit_default_action
 # entry in %replace_line, then do nothing and return 0.
 sub emit_rule
 {
-    my ($fields) = @_;
-
     # compute tag to be used as lookup key in %replace_line and %addons
     my $tag = $non_term_id . $line;
     $tag =~ tr/ |//d;
@@ -761,7 +623,8 @@ sub emit_rule
             return 0;
         }

-        # non-ignore entries replace the line, but we'd better keep any '|'
+        # non-ignore entries replace the line, but we'd better keep any '|';
+        # we don't bother to update $line_count here.
         if (index($line, '|') != -1)
         {
             $line = '| ' . $rep;
@@ -778,7 +641,7 @@ sub emit_rule

     # Emit $line, then print the appropriate action.
     add_to_buffer('rules', $line);
-    emit_rule_action($tag, $fields);
+    emit_rule_action($tag);
     return 1;
 }

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c
index 9daeee3303..8807c22cb6 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ static YYSTYPE lookahead_yylval;    /* yylval for lookahead token */
 static YYLTYPE lookahead_yylloc;    /* yylloc for lookahead token */
 static char *lookahead_yytext;    /* start current token */

+static int    base_yylex_location(void);
 static bool check_uescapechar(unsigned char escape);
 static bool ecpg_isspace(char ch);

@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ filtered_base_yylex(void)
         have_lookahead = false;
     }
     else
-        cur_token = base_yylex();
+        cur_token = base_yylex_location();

     /*
      * If this token isn't one that requires lookahead, just return it.
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ filtered_base_yylex(void)
     cur_yytext = base_yytext;

     /* Get next token, saving outputs into lookahead variables */
-    next_token = base_yylex();
+    next_token = base_yylex_location();

     lookahead_token = next_token;
     lookahead_yylval = base_yylval;
@@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ filtered_base_yylex(void)
                 cur_yytext = base_yytext;

                 /* Get third token */
-                next_token = base_yylex();
+                next_token = base_yylex_location();

                 if (next_token != SCONST)
                     mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "UESCAPE must be followed by a simple string literal");
@@ -203,6 +204,7 @@ filtered_base_yylex(void)

                 /* Combine 3 tokens into 1 */
                 base_yylval.str = psprintf("%s UESCAPE %s", base_yylval.str, escstr);
+                base_yylloc = mm_strdup(base_yylval.str);

                 /* Clear have_lookahead, thereby consuming all three tokens */
                 have_lookahead = false;
@@ -218,6 +220,56 @@ filtered_base_yylex(void)
     return cur_token;
 }

+/*
+ * Call base_yylex() and fill in base_yylloc.
+ *
+ * pgc.l does not worry about setting yylloc, and given what we want for
+ * that, trying to set it there would be pretty inconvenient.  What we
+ * want is: if the returned token has type <str>, then duplicate its
+ * string value as yylloc; otherwise, make a downcased copy of yytext.
+ * The downcasing is ASCII-only because all that we care about there
+ * is producing uniformly-cased output of keywords.  (That's mostly
+ * cosmetic, but there are places in ecpglib that expect to receive
+ * downcased keywords, plus it keeps us regression-test-compatible
+ * with the old implementation of ecpg.)
+ */
+static int
+base_yylex_location(void)
+{
+    int            token = base_yylex();
+
+    switch (token)
+    {
+            /* List a token here if pgc.l assigns to base_yylval.str for it */
+        case Op:
+        case CSTRING:
+        case CPP_LINE:
+        case CVARIABLE:
+        case BCONST:
+        case SCONST:
+        case USCONST:
+        case XCONST:
+        case FCONST:
+        case IDENT:
+        case UIDENT:
+        case IP:
+            /* Duplicate the <str> value */
+            base_yylloc = mm_strdup(base_yylval.str);
+            break;
+        default:
+            /* Else just use the input, i.e., yytext */
+            base_yylloc = mm_strdup(base_yytext);
+            /* Apply an ASCII-only downcasing */
+            for (unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char *) base_yylloc; *ptr; ptr++)
+            {
+                if (*ptr >= 'A' && *ptr <= 'Z')
+                    *ptr += 'a' - 'A';
+            }
+            break;
+    }
+    return token;
+}
+
 /*
  * check_uescapechar() and ecpg_isspace() should match their equivalents
  * in pgc.l.
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h
index c5fd07fbd8..da93967462 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h
@@ -15,6 +15,13 @@
 #define STRUCT_DEPTH 128
 #define EMPTY mm_strdup("")

+/*
+ * "Location tracking" support --- see ecpg.header for more comments.
+ */
+typedef char *YYLTYPE;
+
+#define YYLTYPE_IS_DECLARED 1
+
 /* variables */

 extern bool autocommit,
@@ -65,10 +72,10 @@ extern const uint16 SQLScanKeywordTokens[];
 extern const char *get_dtype(enum ECPGdtype);
 extern void lex_init(void);
 extern void output_line_number(void);
-extern void output_statement(char *stmt, int whenever_mode, enum ECPG_statement_type st);
-extern void output_prepare_statement(char *name, char *stmt);
-extern void output_deallocate_prepare_statement(char *name);
-extern void output_simple_statement(char *stmt, int whenever_mode);
+extern void output_statement(const char *stmt, int whenever_mode, enum ECPG_statement_type st);
+extern void output_prepare_statement(const char *name, const char *stmt);
+extern void output_deallocate_prepare_statement(const char *name);
+extern void output_simple_statement(const char *stmt, int whenever_mode);
 extern char *hashline_number(void);
 extern int    base_yyparse(void);
 extern int    base_yylex(void);
--
2.43.5

From fc0c9218af5578581e6ebc32fa2242201f418e81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Date: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 12:53:31 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v4 4/9] Move some functions into a new file
 ecpg/preproc/util.c.

mm_alloc and mm_strdup were in type.c, which seems a completely
random choice.  No doubt the original author thought two small
functions didn't deserve their own file.  But I'm about to add
some more memory-management stuff beside them, so let's put them
in a less surprising place.  This seems like a better home for
mmerror, mmfatal, and the cat_str/make_str family, too.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2011420.1713493114@sss.pgh.pa.us
---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/Makefile         |   1 +
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header      | 129 -------------
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/meson.build      |   1 +
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h |   4 +
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c           |  24 ---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c           | 189 +++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 195 insertions(+), 153 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/Makefile b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/Makefile
index 934b7cef1b..7866037cbb 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/Makefile
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/Makefile
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ OBJS = \
     preproc.o \
     type.o \
     typename.o \
+    util.o \
     variable.o

 # where to find gen_keywordlist.pl and subsidiary files
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
index 8df6248c97..929ffa97aa 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
@@ -60,137 +60,8 @@ struct variable no_indicator = {"no_indicator", &ecpg_no_indicator, 0, NULL};

 static struct ECPGtype ecpg_query = {ECPGt_char_variable, NULL, NULL, NULL, {NULL}, 0};

-static void vmmerror(int error_code, enum errortype type, const char *error, va_list ap) pg_attribute_printf(3, 0);
-
 static bool check_declared_list(const char *name);

-/*
- * Handle parsing errors and warnings
- */
-static void
-vmmerror(int error_code, enum errortype type, const char *error, va_list ap)
-{
-    /* localize the error message string */
-    error = _(error);
-
-    fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: ", input_filename, base_yylineno);
-
-    switch (type)
-    {
-        case ET_WARNING:
-            fprintf(stderr, _("WARNING: "));
-            break;
-        case ET_ERROR:
-            fprintf(stderr, _("ERROR: "));
-            break;
-    }
-
-    vfprintf(stderr, error, ap);
-
-    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
-
-    switch (type)
-    {
-        case ET_WARNING:
-            break;
-        case ET_ERROR:
-            ret_value = error_code;
-            break;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-mmerror(int error_code, enum errortype type, const char *error,...)
-{
-    va_list        ap;
-
-    va_start(ap, error);
-    vmmerror(error_code, type, error, ap);
-    va_end(ap);
-}
-
-void
-mmfatal(int error_code, const char *error,...)
-{
-    va_list        ap;
-
-    va_start(ap, error);
-    vmmerror(error_code, ET_ERROR, error, ap);
-    va_end(ap);
-
-    if (base_yyin)
-        fclose(base_yyin);
-    if (base_yyout)
-        fclose(base_yyout);
-
-    if (strcmp(output_filename, "-") != 0 && unlink(output_filename) != 0)
-        fprintf(stderr, _("could not remove output file \"%s\"\n"), output_filename);
-    exit(error_code);
-}
-
-/*
- * string concatenation
- */
-
-static char *
-cat2_str(char *str1, char *str2)
-{
-    char       *res_str = (char *) mm_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + 2);
-
-    strcpy(res_str, str1);
-    if (strlen(str1) != 0 && strlen(str2) != 0)
-        strcat(res_str, " ");
-    strcat(res_str, str2);
-    free(str1);
-    free(str2);
-    return res_str;
-}
-
-static char *
-cat_str(int count,...)
-{
-    va_list        args;
-    int            i;
-    char       *res_str;
-
-    va_start(args, count);
-
-    res_str = va_arg(args, char *);
-
-    /* now add all other strings */
-    for (i = 1; i < count; i++)
-        res_str = cat2_str(res_str, va_arg(args, char *));
-
-    va_end(args);
-
-    return res_str;
-}
-
-static char *
-make2_str(char *str1, char *str2)
-{
-    char       *res_str = (char *) mm_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + 1);
-
-    strcpy(res_str, str1);
-    strcat(res_str, str2);
-    free(str1);
-    free(str2);
-    return res_str;
-}
-
-static char *
-make3_str(char *str1, char *str2, char *str3)
-{
-    char       *res_str = (char *) mm_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + strlen(str3) + 1);
-
-    strcpy(res_str, str1);
-    strcat(res_str, str2);
-    strcat(res_str, str3);
-    free(str1);
-    free(str2);
-    free(str3);
-    return res_str;
-}

 /*
  * "Location tracking" support.  We commandeer Bison's location tracking
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/meson.build b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/meson.build
index ddd7a66547..f680e5d59e 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/meson.build
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/meson.build
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ ecpg_sources = files(
   'output.c',
   'parser.c',
   'type.c',
+  'util.c',
   'variable.c',
 )

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h
index da93967462..29329ccd89 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h
@@ -82,6 +82,10 @@ extern int    base_yylex(void);
 extern void base_yyerror(const char *error);
 extern void *mm_alloc(size_t size);
 extern char *mm_strdup(const char *string);
+extern char *cat2_str(char *str1, char *str2);
+extern char *cat_str(int count,...);
+extern char *make2_str(char *str1, char *str2);
+extern char *make3_str(char *str1, char *str2, char *str3);
 extern void mmerror(int error_code, enum errortype type, const char *error,...) pg_attribute_printf(3, 4);
 extern void mmfatal(int error_code, const char *error,...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3) pg_attribute_noreturn();
 extern void output_get_descr_header(char *desc_name);
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c
index a842bb6a1f..5610a8dc76 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c
@@ -8,30 +8,6 @@

 static struct ECPGstruct_member struct_no_indicator = {"no_indicator", &ecpg_no_indicator, NULL};

-/* malloc + error check */
-void *
-mm_alloc(size_t size)
-{
-    void       *ptr = malloc(size);
-
-    if (ptr == NULL)
-        mmfatal(OUT_OF_MEMORY, "out of memory");
-
-    return ptr;
-}
-
-/* strdup + error check */
-char *
-mm_strdup(const char *string)
-{
-    char       *new = strdup(string);
-
-    if (new == NULL)
-        mmfatal(OUT_OF_MEMORY, "out of memory");
-
-    return new;
-}
-
 /* duplicate memberlist */
 struct ECPGstruct_member *
 ECPGstruct_member_dup(struct ECPGstruct_member *rm)
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb1eca7f3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+/* src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c */
+
+#include "postgres_fe.h"
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "preproc_extern.h"
+
+static void vmmerror(int error_code, enum errortype type, const char *error, va_list ap) pg_attribute_printf(3, 0);
+
+
+/*
+ * Handle preprocessor errors and warnings
+ */
+static void
+vmmerror(int error_code, enum errortype type, const char *error, va_list ap)
+{
+    /* localize the error message string */
+    error = _(error);
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: ", input_filename, base_yylineno);
+
+    switch (type)
+    {
+        case ET_WARNING:
+            fprintf(stderr, _("WARNING: "));
+            break;
+        case ET_ERROR:
+            fprintf(stderr, _("ERROR: "));
+            break;
+    }
+
+    vfprintf(stderr, error, ap);
+
+    fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+
+    /* If appropriate, set error code to be inspected by ecpg.c */
+    switch (type)
+    {
+        case ET_WARNING:
+            break;
+        case ET_ERROR:
+            ret_value = error_code;
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Report an error or warning */
+void
+mmerror(int error_code, enum errortype type, const char *error,...)
+{
+    va_list        ap;
+
+    va_start(ap, error);
+    vmmerror(error_code, type, error, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+}
+
+/* Report an error and abandon execution */
+void
+mmfatal(int error_code, const char *error,...)
+{
+    va_list        ap;
+
+    va_start(ap, error);
+    vmmerror(error_code, ET_ERROR, error, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    if (base_yyin)
+        fclose(base_yyin);
+    if (base_yyout)
+        fclose(base_yyout);
+
+    if (strcmp(output_filename, "-") != 0 && unlink(output_filename) != 0)
+        fprintf(stderr, _("could not remove output file \"%s\"\n"), output_filename);
+    exit(error_code);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Basic memory management support
+ */
+
+/* malloc + error check */
+void *
+mm_alloc(size_t size)
+{
+    void       *ptr = malloc(size);
+
+    if (ptr == NULL)
+        mmfatal(OUT_OF_MEMORY, "out of memory");
+
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+/* strdup + error check */
+char *
+mm_strdup(const char *string)
+{
+    char       *new = strdup(string);
+
+    if (new == NULL)
+        mmfatal(OUT_OF_MEMORY, "out of memory");
+
+    return new;
+}
+
+/*
+ * String concatenation
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Concatenate 2 strings, inserting a space between them unless either is empty
+ *
+ * The input strings are freed.
+ */
+char *
+cat2_str(char *str1, char *str2)
+{
+    char       *res_str = (char *) mm_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + 2);
+
+    strcpy(res_str, str1);
+    if (strlen(str1) != 0 && strlen(str2) != 0)
+        strcat(res_str, " ");
+    strcat(res_str, str2);
+    free(str1);
+    free(str2);
+    return res_str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Concatenate N strings, inserting spaces between them unless they are empty
+ *
+ * The input strings are freed.
+ */
+char *
+cat_str(int count,...)
+{
+    va_list        args;
+    int            i;
+    char       *res_str;
+
+    va_start(args, count);
+
+    res_str = va_arg(args, char *);
+
+    /* now add all other strings */
+    for (i = 1; i < count; i++)
+        res_str = cat2_str(res_str, va_arg(args, char *));
+
+    va_end(args);
+
+    return res_str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Concatenate 2 strings, with no space between
+ *
+ * The input strings are freed.
+ */
+char *
+make2_str(char *str1, char *str2)
+{
+    char       *res_str = (char *) mm_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + 1);
+
+    strcpy(res_str, str1);
+    strcat(res_str, str2);
+    free(str1);
+    free(str2);
+    return res_str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Concatenate 3 strings, with no space between
+ *
+ * The input strings are freed.
+ */
+char *
+make3_str(char *str1, char *str2, char *str3)
+{
+    char       *res_str = (char *) mm_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + strlen(str3) + 1);
+
+    strcpy(res_str, str1);
+    strcat(res_str, str2);
+    strcat(res_str, str3);
+    free(str1);
+    free(str2);
+    free(str3);
+    return res_str;
+}
--
2.43.5

From 13ebbc8ca422c3928df093eb137dcb0a6753a2f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Date: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 13:20:19 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v4 5/9] Improve ecpg preprocessor's memory management.

Invent a notion of "local" storage that will automatically be
reclaimed at the end of each statement.  Use this for location
strings as well as other visibly short-lived data within the parser.

Also, make cat_str and make_str return local storage and not free
their inputs, which allows dispensing with a whole lot of retail
mm_strdup calls.  We do have to add some new ones in places where
a local-lifetime string needs to be added to a longer-lived data
structure, but on balance there are a lot less mm_strdup calls than
before.

In hopes of flushing out places where changes were necessary,
I changed YYLTYPE from "char *" to "const char *", which forced
const-ification of various function arguments that probably
should've been like that all along.

This still leaks memory to some extent, but that will be cleaned up
in the next step.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2011420.1713493114@sss.pgh.pa.us
---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/descriptor.c     |  32 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons      | 144 +++--
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header      | 167 +++---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer     | 549 ++++++++++---------
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c         |   5 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c         |   6 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h |  36 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c           |   8 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.h           |  30 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c           | 119 +++-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c       |  31 +-
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list             |   1 +
 12 files changed, 599 insertions(+), 529 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/descriptor.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/descriptor.c
index f4b1878289..9b87d07d09 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/descriptor.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/descriptor.c
@@ -18,13 +18,12 @@
 static struct assignment *assignments;

 void
-push_assignment(char *var, enum ECPGdtype value)
+push_assignment(const char *var, enum ECPGdtype value)
 {
     struct assignment *new = (struct assignment *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct assignment));

     new->next = assignments;
-    new->variable = mm_alloc(strlen(var) + 1);
-    strcpy(new->variable, var);
+    new->variable = mm_strdup(var);
     new->value = value;
     assignments = new;
 }
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ ECPGnumeric_lvalue(char *name)
 static struct descriptor *descriptors;

 void
-add_descriptor(char *name, char *connection)
+add_descriptor(const char *name, const char *connection)
 {
     struct descriptor *new;

@@ -83,20 +82,16 @@ add_descriptor(char *name, char *connection)
     new = (struct descriptor *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct descriptor));

     new->next = descriptors;
-    new->name = mm_alloc(strlen(name) + 1);
-    strcpy(new->name, name);
+    new->name = mm_strdup(name);
     if (connection)
-    {
-        new->connection = mm_alloc(strlen(connection) + 1);
-        strcpy(new->connection, connection);
-    }
+        new->connection = mm_strdup(connection);
     else
-        new->connection = connection;
+        new->connection = NULL;
     descriptors = new;
 }

 void
-drop_descriptor(char *name, char *connection)
+drop_descriptor(const char *name, const char *connection)
 {
     struct descriptor *i;
     struct descriptor **lastptr = &descriptors;
@@ -126,9 +121,8 @@ drop_descriptor(char *name, char *connection)
         mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_WARNING, "descriptor %s bound to the default connection does not exist", name);
 }

-struct descriptor
-           *
-lookup_descriptor(char *name, char *connection)
+struct descriptor *
+lookup_descriptor(const char *name, const char *connection)
 {
     struct descriptor *i;

@@ -159,7 +153,7 @@ lookup_descriptor(char *name, char *connection)
 }

 void
-output_get_descr_header(char *desc_name)
+output_get_descr_header(const char *desc_name)
 {
     struct assignment *results;

@@ -178,7 +172,7 @@ output_get_descr_header(char *desc_name)
 }

 void
-output_get_descr(char *desc_name, char *index)
+output_get_descr(const char *desc_name, const char *index)
 {
     struct assignment *results;

@@ -211,7 +205,7 @@ output_get_descr(char *desc_name, char *index)
 }

 void
-output_set_descr_header(char *desc_name)
+output_set_descr_header(const char *desc_name)
 {
     struct assignment *results;

@@ -272,7 +266,7 @@ descriptor_item_name(enum ECPGdtype itemcode)
 }

 void
-output_set_descr(char *desc_name, char *index)
+output_set_descr(const char *desc_name, const char *index)
 {
     struct assignment *results;

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
index 24ee54554e..9c120fead2 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
@@ -45,18 +45,16 @@ ECPG: stmtExecuteStmt block
             else
             {
                 /* case of ecpg_ident or CSTRING */
-                char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
-                char       *str = mm_strdup($1.name + 1);
+                char        length[32];
+                char       *str;

-                /*
-                 * It must be cut off double quotation because new_variable()
-                 * double-quotes.
-                 */
+                /* Remove double quotes from name */
+                str = loc_strdup($1.name + 1);
                 str[strlen(str) - 1] = '\0';
-                sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(str));
+                snprintf(length, sizeof(length), "%zu", strlen(str));
                 add_variable_to_tail(&argsinsert, new_variable(str, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0),
&no_indicator);
             }
-            output_statement(cat_str(3, mm_strdup("execute"), mm_strdup("$0"), $1.type), 0,
ECPGst_exec_with_exprlist);
+            output_statement(cat_str(3, "execute", "$0", $1.type), 0, ECPGst_exec_with_exprlist);
         }
     }
 ECPG: stmtPrepareStmt block
@@ -66,7 +64,7 @@ ECPG: stmtPrepareStmt block
             output_prepare_statement($1.name, $1.stmt);
         else if (strlen($1.type) == 0)
         {
-            char       *stmt = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("\""), $1.stmt, mm_strdup("\""));
+            char       *stmt = cat_str(3, "\"", $1.stmt, "\"");

             output_prepare_statement($1.name, stmt);
         }
@@ -77,18 +75,16 @@ ECPG: stmtPrepareStmt block
                 add_variable_to_tail(&argsinsert, find_variable($1.name), &no_indicator);
             else
             {
-                char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
-                char       *str = mm_strdup($1.name + 1);
+                char        length[32];
+                char       *str;

-                /*
-                 * It must be cut off double quotation because new_variable()
-                 * double-quotes.
-                 */
+                /* Remove double quotes from name */
+                str = loc_strdup($1.name + 1);
                 str[strlen(str) - 1] = '\0';
-                sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(str));
+                snprintf(length, sizeof(length), "%zu", strlen(str));
                 add_variable_to_tail(&argsinsert, new_variable(str, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0),
&no_indicator);
             }
-            output_statement(cat_str(5, mm_strdup("prepare"), mm_strdup("$0"), $1.type, mm_strdup("as"), $1.stmt), 0,
ECPGst_prepare);
+            output_statement(cat_str(5, "prepare", "$0", $1.type, "as", $1.stmt), 0, ECPGst_prepare);
         }
     }
 ECPG: stmtTransactionStmt block
@@ -142,8 +138,6 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
         fputs("ECPGt_EORT);", base_yyout);
         fprintf(base_yyout, "}");
         output_line_number();
-
-        free($1.stmt_name);
     }
     | ECPGDisconnect
     {
@@ -175,8 +169,6 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
     {
         lookup_descriptor($1.name, connection);
         output_get_descr($1.name, $1.str);
-        free($1.name);
-        free($1.str);
     }
     | ECPGGetDescriptorHeader
     {
@@ -190,7 +182,7 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
         if ((ptr = add_additional_variables(@1, true)) != NULL)
         {
             connection = ptr->connection ? mm_strdup(ptr->connection) : NULL;
-            output_statement(mm_strdup(ptr->command), 0, ECPGst_normal);
+            output_statement(ptr->command, 0, ECPGst_normal);
             ptr->opened = true;
         }
     }
@@ -211,8 +203,6 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
     {
         lookup_descriptor($1.name, connection);
         output_set_descr($1.name, $1.str);
-        free($1.name);
-        free($1.str);
     }
     | ECPGSetDescriptorHeader
     {
@@ -243,9 +233,9 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule
     }
 ECPG: where_or_current_clauseWHERECURRENT_POFcursor_name block
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @4;
+        const char *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @4;

-        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("where current of"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, "where current of", cursor_marker);
     }
 ECPG:
CopyStmtCOPYopt_binaryqualified_nameopt_column_listcopy_fromopt_programcopy_file_namecopy_delimiteropt_withcopy_optionswhere_clause
addon
         if (strcmp(@6, "from") == 0 &&
@@ -253,21 +243,21 @@ ECPG: CopyStmtCOPYopt_binaryqualified_nameopt_column_listcopy_fromopt_programcop
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_WARNING, "COPY FROM STDIN is not implemented");
 ECPG: var_valueNumericOnly addon
         if (@1[0] == '$')
-            @$ = mm_strdup("$0");
+            @$ = "$0";
 ECPG: fetch_argscursor_name addon
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@1, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
         if (@1[0] == ':')
-            @$ = mm_strdup("$0");
+            @$ = "$0";
 ECPG: fetch_argsfrom_incursor_name addon
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@2, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
         if (@2[0] == ':')
-            @$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup(@1), mm_strdup("$0"));
+            @$ = cat2_str(@1, "$0");
 ECPG: fetch_argsNEXTopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsPRIORopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsFIRST_Popt_from_incursor_name addon
@@ -278,7 +268,7 @@ ECPG: fetch_argsALLopt_from_incursor_name addon
         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
         if (@3[0] == ':')
-            @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup(@1), mm_strdup(@2), mm_strdup("$0"));
+            @$ = cat_str(3, @1, @2, "$0");
 ECPG: fetch_argsSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);
         bool    replace = false;
@@ -287,16 +277,16 @@ ECPG: fetch_argsSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
         if (@3[0] == ':')
         {
-            @3 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            @3 = "$0";
             replace = true;
         }
         if (@1[0] == '$')
         {
-            @1 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            @1 = "$0";
             replace = true;
         }
         if (replace)
-            @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup(@1), mm_strdup(@2), mm_strdup(@3));
+            @$ = cat_str(3, @1, @2, @3);
 ECPG: fetch_argsFORWARDALLopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsBACKWARDALLopt_from_incursor_name addon
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);
@@ -304,7 +294,7 @@ ECPG: fetch_argsBACKWARDALLopt_from_incursor_name addon
         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
         if (@4[0] == ':')
-            @$ = cat_str(4, mm_strdup(@1), mm_strdup(@2), mm_strdup(@3), mm_strdup("$0"));
+            @$ = cat_str(4, @1, @2, @3, "$0");
 ECPG: fetch_argsABSOLUTE_PSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsRELATIVE_PSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsFORWARDSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
@@ -316,20 +306,20 @@ ECPG: fetch_argsBACKWARDSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
         if (@4[0] == ':')
         {
-            @4 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            @4 = "$0";
             replace = true;
         }
         if (@2[0] == '$')
         {
-            @2 = mm_strdup("$0");
+            @2 = "$0";
             replace = true;
         }
         if (replace)
-            @$ = cat_str(4, mm_strdup(@1), mm_strdup(@2), mm_strdup(@3), mm_strdup(@4));
+            @$ = cat_str(4, @1, @2, @3, @4);
 ECPG: cursor_namename block
     | char_civar
     {
-        char       *curname = mm_alloc(strlen(@1) + 2);
+        char       *curname = loc_alloc(strlen(@1) + 2);

         sprintf(curname, ":%s", @1);
         @$ = curname;
@@ -367,7 +357,7 @@ ECPG: DeclareCursorStmtDECLAREcursor_namecursor_optionsCURSORopt_holdFORSelectSt
     {
         struct cursor *ptr,
                    *this;
-        char       *cursor_marker = @2[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : mm_strdup(@2);
+        const char *cursor_marker = @2[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @2;
         char       *comment,
                    *c1,
                    *c2;
@@ -394,7 +384,7 @@ ECPG: DeclareCursorStmtDECLAREcursor_namecursor_optionsCURSORopt_holdFORSelectSt
         this->function = (current_function ? mm_strdup(current_function) : NULL);
         this->connection = connection ? mm_strdup(connection) : NULL;
         this->opened = false;
-        this->command = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("declare"), cursor_marker, @3, mm_strdup("cursor"), @5, mm_strdup("for"),
@7);
+        this->command = mm_strdup(cat_str(7, "declare", cursor_marker, @3, "cursor", @5, "for", @7));
         this->argsinsert = argsinsert;
         this->argsinsert_oos = NULL;
         this->argsresult = argsresult;
@@ -402,20 +392,20 @@ ECPG: DeclareCursorStmtDECLAREcursor_namecursor_optionsCURSORopt_holdFORSelectSt
         argsinsert = argsresult = NULL;
         cur = this;

-        c1 = mm_strdup(this->command);
-        if ((c2 = strstr(c1, "*/")) != NULL)
+        c1 = loc_strdup(this->command);
+        while ((c2 = strstr(c1, "*/")) != NULL)
         {
             /* We put this text into a comment, so we better remove [*][/]. */
             c2[0] = '.';
             c2[1] = '.';
         }
-        comment = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/*"), c1, mm_strdup("*/"));
+        comment = cat_str(3, "/*", c1, "*/");

         @$ = cat2_str(adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(this), comment);
     }
 ECPG: ClosePortalStmtCLOSEcursor_name block
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = @2[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @2;
+        const char *cursor_marker = @2[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @2;
         struct cursor *ptr = NULL;

         for (ptr = cur; ptr != NULL; ptr = ptr->next)
@@ -427,23 +417,23 @@ ECPG: ClosePortalStmtCLOSEcursor_name block
                 break;
             }
         }
-        @$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup("close"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat2_str("close", cursor_marker);
     }
 ECPG: opt_hold block
     {
         if (compat == ECPG_COMPAT_INFORMIX_SE && autocommit)
-            @$ = mm_strdup("with hold");
+            @$ = "with hold";
         else
-            @$ = EMPTY;
+            @$ = "";
     }
 ECPG: into_clauseINTOOptTempTableName block
     {
         FoundInto = 1;
-        @$ = cat2_str(mm_strdup("into"), @2);
+        @$ = cat2_str("into", @2);
     }
     | ecpg_into
     {
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
 ECPG: TypenameSimpleTypenameopt_array_bounds block
     {
@@ -451,37 +441,33 @@ ECPG: TypenameSimpleTypenameopt_array_bounds block
     }
 ECPG: TypenameSETOFSimpleTypenameopt_array_bounds block
     {
-        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("setof"), @2, $3.str);
+        @$ = cat_str(3, "setof", @2, $3.str);
     }
 ECPG: opt_array_boundsopt_array_bounds'['']' block
     {
         $$.index1 = $1.index1;
         $$.index2 = $1.index2;
         if (strcmp($$.index1, "-1") == 0)
-            $$.index1 = mm_strdup("0");
+            $$.index1 = "0";
         else if (strcmp($1.index2, "-1") == 0)
-            $$.index2 = mm_strdup("0");
-        $$.str = cat_str(2, $1.str, mm_strdup("[]"));
+            $$.index2 = "0";
+        $$.str = cat_str(2, $1.str, "[]");
     }
     | opt_array_bounds '[' Iresult ']'
     {
         $$.index1 = $1.index1;
         $$.index2 = $1.index2;
         if (strcmp($1.index1, "-1") == 0)
-            $$.index1 = mm_strdup(@3);
+            $$.index1 = @3;
         else if (strcmp($1.index2, "-1") == 0)
-            $$.index2 = mm_strdup(@3);
-        $$.str = cat_str(4, $1.str, mm_strdup("["), @3, mm_strdup("]"));
+            $$.index2 = @3;
+        $$.str = cat_str(4, $1.str, "[", @3, "]");
     }
 ECPG: opt_array_bounds block
     {
-        $$.index1 = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.index2 = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.str = EMPTY;
-    }
-ECPG: IconstICONST block
-    {
-        @$ = make_name();
+        $$.index1 = "-1";
+        $$.index2 = "-1";
+        $$.str = "";
     }
 ECPG: AexprConstNULL_P rule
     | civar
@@ -494,83 +480,83 @@ ECPG: FetchStmtMOVEfetch_args rule
     | FETCH fetch_args ecpg_fetch_into
     | FETCH FORWARD cursor_name opt_ecpg_fetch_into
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @3;
+        const char *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @3;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch forward"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, "fetch forward", cursor_marker);
     }
     | FETCH FORWARD from_in cursor_name opt_ecpg_fetch_into
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @4;
+        const char *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @4;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch forward from"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, "fetch forward from", cursor_marker);
     }
     | FETCH BACKWARD cursor_name opt_ecpg_fetch_into
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @3;
+        const char *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @3;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch backward"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, "fetch backward", cursor_marker);
     }
     | FETCH BACKWARD from_in cursor_name opt_ecpg_fetch_into
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @4;
+        const char *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @4;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("fetch backward from"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, "fetch backward from", cursor_marker);
     }
     | MOVE FORWARD cursor_name
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @3;
+        const char *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @3;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move forward"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, "move forward", cursor_marker);
     }
     | MOVE FORWARD from_in cursor_name
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @4;
+        const char *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @4;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move forward from"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, "move forward from", cursor_marker);
     }
     | MOVE BACKWARD cursor_name
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @3;
+        const char *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @3;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move backward"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, "move backward", cursor_marker);
     }
     | MOVE BACKWARD from_in cursor_name
     {
-        char       *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : @4;
+        const char *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @4;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

         if (ptr->connection)
             connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);

-        @$ = cat_str(2, mm_strdup("move backward from"), cursor_marker);
+        @$ = cat_str(2, "move backward from", cursor_marker);
     }
 ECPG: limit_clauseLIMITselect_limit_value','select_offset_value block
     {
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
index 929ffa97aa..d3df8eabbb 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ char       *input_filename = NULL;
 static int    FoundInto = 0;
 static int    initializer = 0;
 static int    pacounter = 1;
-static char pacounter_buffer[sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3];    /* a rough guess at the
-                                                                 * size we need */
 static struct this_type actual_type[STRUCT_DEPTH];
 static char *actual_startline[STRUCT_DEPTH];
 static int    varchar_counter = 1;
@@ -95,7 +93,7 @@ yylloc_default(YYLTYPE *target, YYLTYPE *rhs, int N)
                 needed++;
             needed += thislen;
         }
-        result = (char *) mm_alloc(needed + 1);
+        result = (char *) loc_alloc(needed + 1);
         ptr = result;
         for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++)
         {
@@ -115,22 +113,19 @@ yylloc_default(YYLTYPE *target, YYLTYPE *rhs, int N)
         *target = rhs[1];
     }
     else
-        *target = EMPTY;
+    {
+        /* No need to allocate any space */
+        *target = "";
+    }
 }

 /* and the rest */
 static char *
-make_name(void)
-{
-    return mm_strdup(base_yytext);
-}
-
-static char *
-create_questionmarks(char *name, bool array)
+create_questionmarks(const char *name, bool array)
 {
     struct variable *p = find_variable(name);
     int            count;
-    char       *result = EMPTY;
+    char       *result = "";

     /*
      * In case we have a struct, we have to print as many "?" as there are
@@ -158,12 +153,13 @@ create_questionmarks(char *name, bool array)

     for (; count > 0; count--)
     {
-        sprintf(pacounter_buffer, "$%d", pacounter++);
-        result = cat_str(3, result, mm_strdup(pacounter_buffer), mm_strdup(" , "));
-    }
+        char    buf[32];

-    /* removed the trailing " ," */
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "$%d", pacounter++);
+        result = cat_str(3, result, buf, " , ");
+    }

+    /* remove the trailing " ," */
     result[strlen(result) - 3] = '\0';
     return result;
 }
@@ -183,8 +179,7 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
      * pointer instead of the variable. Do it only for local variables, not
      * for globals.
      */
-
-    char       *result = EMPTY;
+    char       *result = "";
     int            insert;

     for (insert = 1; insert >= 0; insert--)
@@ -206,7 +201,7 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)

             /* change variable name to "ECPGget_var(<counter>)" */
             original_var = ptr->variable->name;
-            sprintf(var_text, "%d))", ecpg_internal_var);
+            snprintf(var_text, sizeof(var_text), "%d))", ecpg_internal_var);

             /* Don't emit ECPGset_var() calls for global variables */
             if (ptr->variable->brace_level == 0)
@@ -227,12 +222,12 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
                       && ptr->variable->type->type != ECPGt_bytea)
                      && atoi(ptr->variable->type->size) > 1)
             {
-                newvar = new_variable(cat_str(4, mm_strdup("("),
-                                              mm_strdup(ecpg_type_name(ptr->variable->type->u.element->type)),
-                                              mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("),
-                                              mm_strdup(var_text)),
+                newvar = new_variable(cat_str(4, "(",
+                                              ecpg_type_name(ptr->variable->type->u.element->type),
+                                              " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                              var_text),
                                       ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type(ptr->variable->type->u.element->type,
-                                                                               mm_strdup("1"),
+                                                                               "1",

ptr->variable->type->u.element->counter),
                                                           ptr->variable->type->size),
                                       0);
@@ -244,10 +239,10 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
                       || ptr->variable->type->type == ECPGt_bytea)
                      && atoi(ptr->variable->type->size) > 1)
             {
-                newvar = new_variable(cat_str(4, mm_strdup("("),
-                                              mm_strdup(ecpg_type_name(ptr->variable->type->type)),
-                                              mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("),
-                                              mm_strdup(var_text)),
+                newvar = new_variable(cat_str(4, "(",
+                                              ecpg_type_name(ptr->variable->type->type),
+                                              " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                              var_text),
                                       ECPGmake_simple_type(ptr->variable->type->type,
                                                            ptr->variable->type->size,
                                                            ptr->variable->type->counter),
@@ -259,11 +254,11 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
             else if (ptr->variable->type->type == ECPGt_struct
                      || ptr->variable->type->type == ECPGt_union)
             {
-                newvar = new_variable(cat_str(5, mm_strdup("(*("),
-                                              mm_strdup(ptr->variable->type->type_name),
-                                              mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("),
-                                              mm_strdup(var_text),
-                                              mm_strdup(")")),
+                newvar = new_variable(cat_str(5, "(*(",
+                                              ptr->variable->type->type_name,
+                                              " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                              var_text,
+                                              ")"),
                                       ECPGmake_struct_type(ptr->variable->type->u.members,
                                                            ptr->variable->type->type,
                                                            ptr->variable->type->type_name,
@@ -276,11 +271,11 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
                 if (ptr->variable->type->u.element->type == ECPGt_struct
                     || ptr->variable->type->u.element->type == ECPGt_union)
                 {
-                    newvar = new_variable(cat_str(5, mm_strdup("(*("),
-                                                  mm_strdup(ptr->variable->type->u.element->type_name),
-                                                  mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("),
-                                                  mm_strdup(var_text),
-                                                  mm_strdup(")")),
+                    newvar = new_variable(cat_str(5, "(*(",
+                                                  ptr->variable->type->u.element->type_name,
+                                                  " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                                  var_text,
+                                                  ")"),
                                           ECPGmake_struct_type(ptr->variable->type->u.element->u.members,
                                                                ptr->variable->type->u.element->type,
                                                                ptr->variable->type->u.element->type_name,
@@ -289,10 +284,10 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    newvar = new_variable(cat_str(4, mm_strdup("("),
-                                                  mm_strdup(ecpg_type_name(ptr->variable->type->u.element->type)),
-                                                  mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("),
-                                                  mm_strdup(var_text)),
+                    newvar = new_variable(cat_str(4, "(",
+                                                  ecpg_type_name(ptr->variable->type->u.element->type),
+                                                  " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                                  var_text),

ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type(ptr->variable->type->u.element->type,

ptr->variable->type->u.element->size,

ptr->variable->type->u.element->counter),
@@ -303,10 +298,10 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
             }
             else
             {
-                newvar = new_variable(cat_str(4, mm_strdup("*("),
-                                              mm_strdup(ecpg_type_name(ptr->variable->type->type)),
-                                              mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("),
-                                              mm_strdup(var_text)),
+                newvar = new_variable(cat_str(4, "*(",
+                                              ecpg_type_name(ptr->variable->type->type),
+                                              " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                              var_text),
                                       ECPGmake_simple_type(ptr->variable->type->type,
                                                            ptr->variable->type->size,
                                                            ptr->variable->type->counter),
@@ -320,10 +315,11 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
              */
             if (!skip_set_var)
             {
-                sprintf(var_text, "%d, %s", ecpg_internal_var++, var_ptr ? "&(" : "(");
-                result = cat_str(5, result, mm_strdup("ECPGset_var("),
-                                 mm_strdup(var_text), mm_strdup(original_var),
-                                 mm_strdup("), __LINE__);\n"));
+                snprintf(var_text, sizeof(var_text), "%d, %s",
+                         ecpg_internal_var++, var_ptr ? "&(" : "(");
+                result = cat_str(5, result, "ECPGset_var(",
+                                 var_text, original_var,
+                                 "), __LINE__);\n");
             }

             /*
@@ -338,17 +334,17 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
             {
                 /* change variable name to "ECPGget_var(<counter>)" */
                 original_var = ptr->indicator->name;
-                sprintf(var_text, "%d))", ecpg_internal_var);
+                snprintf(var_text, sizeof(var_text), "%d))", ecpg_internal_var);
                 var_ptr = false;

                 if (ptr->indicator->type->type == ECPGt_struct
                     || ptr->indicator->type->type == ECPGt_union)
                 {
-                    newind = new_variable(cat_str(5, mm_strdup("(*("),
-                                                  mm_strdup(ptr->indicator->type->type_name),
-                                                  mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("),
-                                                  mm_strdup(var_text),
-                                                  mm_strdup(")")),
+                    newind = new_variable(cat_str(5, "(*(",
+                                                  ptr->indicator->type->type_name,
+                                                  " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                                  var_text,
+                                                  ")"),
                                           ECPGmake_struct_type(ptr->indicator->type->u.members,
                                                                ptr->indicator->type->type,
                                                                ptr->indicator->type->type_name,
@@ -361,11 +357,11 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
                     if (ptr->indicator->type->u.element->type == ECPGt_struct
                         || ptr->indicator->type->u.element->type == ECPGt_union)
                     {
-                        newind = new_variable(cat_str(5, mm_strdup("(*("),
-                                                      mm_strdup(ptr->indicator->type->u.element->type_name),
-                                                      mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("),
-                                                      mm_strdup(var_text),
-                                                      mm_strdup(")")),
+                        newind = new_variable(cat_str(5, "(*(",
+                                                      ptr->indicator->type->u.element->type_name,
+                                                      " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                                      var_text,
+                                                      ")"),
                                               ECPGmake_struct_type(ptr->indicator->type->u.element->u.members,
                                                                    ptr->indicator->type->u.element->type,
                                                                    ptr->indicator->type->u.element->type_name,
@@ -374,9 +370,10 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        newind = new_variable(cat_str(4, mm_strdup("("),
-
mm_strdup(ecpg_type_name(ptr->indicator->type->u.element->type)),
-                                                      mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("), mm_strdup(var_text)),
+                        newind = new_variable(cat_str(4, "(",
+                                                      ecpg_type_name(ptr->indicator->type->u.element->type),
+                                                      " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                                      var_text),

ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type(ptr->indicator->type->u.element->type,

ptr->indicator->type->u.element->size,

ptr->indicator->type->u.element->counter),
@@ -387,10 +384,10 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
                 }
                 else if (atoi(ptr->indicator->type->size) > 1)
                 {
-                    newind = new_variable(cat_str(4, mm_strdup("("),
-                                                  mm_strdup(ecpg_type_name(ptr->indicator->type->type)),
-                                                  mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("),
-                                                  mm_strdup(var_text)),
+                    newind = new_variable(cat_str(4, "(",
+                                                  ecpg_type_name(ptr->indicator->type->type),
+                                                  " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                                  var_text),
                                           ECPGmake_simple_type(ptr->indicator->type->type,
                                                                ptr->indicator->type->size,
                                                                ptr->variable->type->counter),
@@ -398,10 +395,10 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    newind = new_variable(cat_str(4, mm_strdup("*("),
-                                                  mm_strdup(ecpg_type_name(ptr->indicator->type->type)),
-                                                  mm_strdup(" *)(ECPGget_var("),
-                                                  mm_strdup(var_text)),
+                    newind = new_variable(cat_str(4, "*(",
+                                                  ecpg_type_name(ptr->indicator->type->type),
+                                                  " *)(ECPGget_var(",
+                                                  var_text),
                                           ECPGmake_simple_type(ptr->indicator->type->type,
                                                                ptr->indicator->type->size,
                                                                ptr->variable->type->counter),
@@ -413,10 +410,11 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
                  * create call to "ECPGset_var(<counter>, <pointer>. <line
                  * number>)"
                  */
-                sprintf(var_text, "%d, %s", ecpg_internal_var++, var_ptr ? "&(" : "(");
-                result = cat_str(5, result, mm_strdup("ECPGset_var("),
-                                 mm_strdup(var_text), mm_strdup(original_var),
-                                 mm_strdup("), __LINE__);\n"));
+                snprintf(var_text, sizeof(var_text), "%d, %s",
+                         ecpg_internal_var++, var_ptr ? "&(" : "(");
+                result = cat_str(5, result, "ECPGset_var(",
+                                 var_text, original_var,
+                                 "), __LINE__);\n");
             }

             add_variable_to_tail(&newlist, newvar, newind);
@@ -437,7 +435,7 @@ adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(struct cursor *cur)
      (cur->function != NULL && strcmp(cur->function, current_function) == 0))

 static struct cursor *
-add_additional_variables(char *name, bool insert)
+add_additional_variables(const char *name, bool insert)
 {
     struct cursor *ptr;
     struct arguments *p;
@@ -475,8 +473,10 @@ add_additional_variables(char *name, bool insert)
 }

 static void
-add_typedef(char *name, char *dimension, char *length, enum ECPGttype type_enum,
-            char *type_dimension, char *type_index, int initializer, int array)
+add_typedef(const char *name, const char *dimension, const char *length,
+            enum ECPGttype type_enum,
+            const char *type_dimension, const char *type_index,
+            int initializer, int array)
 {
     /* add entry to list */
     struct typedefs *ptr,
@@ -496,19 +496,20 @@ add_typedef(char *name, char *dimension, char *length, enum ECPGttype type_enum,
                 /* re-definition is a bug */
                 mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "type \"%s\" is already defined", name);
         }
-        adjust_array(type_enum, &dimension, &length, type_dimension, type_index, array, true);
+        adjust_array(type_enum, &dimension, &length,
+                     type_dimension, type_index, array, true);

         this = (struct typedefs *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct typedefs));

         /* initial definition */
         this->next = types;
-        this->name = name;
+        this->name = mm_strdup(name);
         this->brace_level = braces_open;
         this->type = (struct this_type *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct this_type));
         this->type->type_enum = type_enum;
         this->type->type_str = mm_strdup(name);
-        this->type->type_dimension = dimension; /* dimension of array */
-        this->type->type_index = length;    /* length of string */
+        this->type->type_dimension = mm_strdup(dimension); /* dimension of array */
+        this->type->type_index = mm_strdup(length);    /* length of string */
         this->type->type_sizeof = ECPGstruct_sizeof;
         this->struct_member_list = (type_enum == ECPGt_struct || type_enum == ECPGt_union) ?
             ECPGstruct_member_dup(struct_member_list[struct_level]) : NULL;
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
index e6475e170d..f9075d0772 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
@@ -2,6 +2,12 @@

 statements: /* EMPTY */
     | statements statement
+    {
+        /* Reclaim local storage used while processing statement */
+        reclaim_local_storage();
+        /* Clean up now-dangling location pointer */
+        @$ = "";
+    }
     ;

 statement: ecpgstart at toplevel_stmt ';'
@@ -68,7 +74,7 @@ CreateAsStmt: CREATE OptTemp TABLE create_as_target AS

 at: AT connection_object
     {
-        connection = @2;
+        connection = mm_strdup(@2);

         /*
          * Do we have a variable as connection target?  Remove the variable
@@ -84,20 +90,20 @@ at: AT connection_object
  */
 ECPGConnect: SQL_CONNECT TO connection_target opt_connection_name opt_user
     {
-        @$ = cat_str(5, @3, mm_strdup(","), @5, mm_strdup(","), @4);
+        @$ = cat_str(5, @3, ",", @5, ",", @4);
     }
     | SQL_CONNECT TO DEFAULT
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("NULL, NULL, NULL, \"DEFAULT\"");
+        @$ = "NULL, NULL, NULL, \"DEFAULT\"";
     }
     /* also allow ORACLE syntax */
     | SQL_CONNECT ora_user
     {
-        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("NULL,"), @2, mm_strdup(", NULL"));
+        @$ = cat_str(3, "NULL,", @2, ", NULL");
     }
     | DATABASE connection_target
     {
-        @$ = cat2_str(@2, mm_strdup(", NULL, NULL, NULL"));
+        @$ = cat2_str(@2, ", NULL, NULL, NULL");
     }
     ;

@@ -111,7 +117,7 @@ connection_target: opt_database_name opt_server opt_port
         if (@1[0] == '\"')
             @$ = @1;
         else
-            @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), make3_str(@1, @2, @3), mm_strdup("\""));
+            @$ = make3_str("\"", make3_str(@1, @2, @3), "\"");
     }
     | db_prefix ':' server opt_port '/' opt_database_name opt_options
     {
@@ -127,19 +133,21 @@ connection_target: opt_database_name opt_server opt_port
             strncmp(@3 + strlen("//"), "127.0.0.1", strlen("127.0.0.1")) != 0)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "Unix-domain sockets only work on \"localhost\" but not on \"%s\"", @3 +
strlen("//"));

-        @$ = make3_str(make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup(":")), @3, make3_str(make3_str(@4, mm_strdup("/"),
@6),@7, mm_strdup("\""))); 
+        @$ = make3_str(make3_str("\"", @1, ":"), @3, make3_str(make3_str(@4, "/", @6), @7, "\""));
     }
     | char_variable
     | ecpg_sconst
     {
         /*
-         * We can only process double quoted strings not single quotes ones,
-         * so we change the quotes. Note, that the rule for ecpg_sconst adds
+         * We can only process double quoted strings not single quoted ones,
+         * so we change the quotes. Note that the rule for ecpg_sconst adds
          * these single quotes.
          */
-        @1[0] = '\"';
-        @1[strlen(@1) - 1] = '\"';
-        @$ = @1;
+        char   *str = loc_strdup(@1);
+
+        str[0] = '\"';
+        str[strlen(str) - 1] = '\"';
+        @$ = str;
     }
     ;

@@ -155,7 +163,7 @@ db_prefix: ecpg_ident cvariable
         if (strcmp(@1, "tcp") != 0 && strcmp(@1, "unix") != 0)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "invalid connection type: %s", @1);

-        @$ = make3_str(@1, mm_strdup(":"), @2);
+        @$ = make3_str(@1, ":", @2);
     }
     ;

@@ -175,14 +183,11 @@ opt_server: server
 server_name: ColId
     | ColId '.' server_name
     | IP
-    {
-        @$ = make_name();
-    }
     ;

 opt_port: ':' Iconst
     {
-        @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup(":"), @2);
+        @$ = make2_str(":", @2);
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
     ;
@@ -193,7 +198,7 @@ opt_connection_name: AS connection_object
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("NULL");
+        @$ = "NULL";
     }
     ;

@@ -203,25 +208,25 @@ opt_user: USER ora_user
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("NULL, NULL");
+        @$ = "NULL, NULL";
     }
     ;

 ora_user: user_name
     {
-        @$ = cat2_str(@1, mm_strdup(", NULL"));
+        @$ = cat2_str(@1, ", NULL");
     }
     | user_name '/' user_name
     {
-        @$ = cat_str(3, @1, mm_strdup(","), @3);
+        @$ = cat_str(3, @1, ",", @3);
     }
     | user_name SQL_IDENTIFIED BY user_name
     {
-        @$ = cat_str(3, @1, mm_strdup(","), @4);
+        @$ = cat_str(3, @1, ",", @4);
     }
     | user_name USING user_name
     {
-        @$ = cat_str(3, @1, mm_strdup(","), @3);
+        @$ = cat_str(3, @1, ",", @3);
     }
     ;

@@ -230,14 +235,14 @@ user_name: RoleId
         if (@1[0] == '\"')
             @$ = @1;
         else
-            @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
+            @$ = make3_str("\"", @1, "\"");
     }
     | ecpg_sconst
     {
         if (@1[0] == '\"')
             @$ = @1;
         else
-            @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
+            @$ = make3_str("\"", @1, "\"");
     }
     | civar
     {
@@ -249,9 +254,9 @@ user_name: RoleId

         /* handle varchars */
         if (type == ECPGt_varchar)
-            @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup(argsinsert->variable->name), mm_strdup(".arr"));
+            @$ = make2_str(argsinsert->variable->name, ".arr");
         else
-            @$ = mm_strdup(argsinsert->variable->name);
+            @$ = argsinsert->variable->name;
     }
     ;

@@ -278,7 +283,7 @@ char_variable: cvariable
                     @$ = @1;
                     break;
                 case ECPGt_varchar:
-                    @$ = make2_str(@1, mm_strdup(".arr"));
+                    @$ = make2_str(@1, ".arr");
                     break;
                 default:
                     mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "invalid data type");
@@ -297,7 +302,7 @@ opt_options: Op connect_options
         if (strcmp(@1, "?") != 0)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "unrecognized token \"%s\"", @1);

-        @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("?"), @2);
+        @$ = make2_str("?", @2);
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
     ;
@@ -321,30 +326,34 @@ connect_options: ColId opt_opt_value
 opt_opt_value: /* EMPTY */
     | '=' Iconst
     {
-        @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("="), @2);
+        @$ = make2_str("=", @2);
     }
     | '=' ecpg_ident
     {
-        @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("="), @2);
+        @$ = make2_str("=", @2);
     }
     | '=' civar
     {
-        @$ = make2_str(mm_strdup("="), @2);
+        @$ = make2_str("=", @2);
     }
     ;

 prepared_name: name
     {
-        if (@1[0] == '\"' && @1[strlen(@1) - 1] == '\"')    /* already quoted? */
+        size_t        slen = strlen(@1);
+
+        if (@1[0] == '\"' && @1[slen - 1] == '\"')    /* already quoted? */
             @$ = @1;
         else                    /* not quoted => convert to lowercase */
         {
-            size_t        i;
-
-            for (i = 0; i < strlen(@1); i++)
-                @1[i] = tolower((unsigned char) @1[i]);
-
-            @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
+            char       *str = loc_alloc(slen + 3);
+
+            str[0] = '\"';
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < slen; i++)
+                str[i + 1] = tolower((unsigned char) @1[i]);
+            str[slen + 1] = '\"';
+            str[slen + 2] = '\0';
+            @$ = str;
         }
     }
     | char_variable
@@ -355,7 +364,7 @@ prepared_name: name
  */
 ECPGDeclareStmt: DECLARE prepared_name STATEMENT
     {
-        struct declared_list *ptr = NULL;
+        struct declared_list *ptr;

         /* Check whether the declared name has been defined or not */
         for (ptr = g_declared_list; ptr != NULL; ptr = ptr->next)
@@ -368,12 +377,11 @@ ECPGDeclareStmt: DECLARE prepared_name STATEMENT
         }

         /* Add a new declared name into the g_declared_list */
-        ptr = NULL;
         ptr = (struct declared_list *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct declared_list));
         if (ptr)
         {
             /* initial definition */
-            ptr->name = @2;
+            ptr->name = mm_strdup(@2);
             if (connection)
                 ptr->connection = mm_strdup(connection);
             else
@@ -383,7 +391,7 @@ ECPGDeclareStmt: DECLARE prepared_name STATEMENT
             g_declared_list = ptr;
         }

-        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* declare "), mm_strdup(@2), mm_strdup(" as an SQL identifier */"));
+        @$ = cat_str(3, "/* declare ", @2, " as an SQL identifier */");
     }
     ;

@@ -395,7 +403,7 @@ ECPGCursorStmt: DECLARE cursor_name cursor_options CURSOR opt_hold FOR prepared_
     {
         struct cursor *ptr,
                    *this;
-        char       *cursor_marker = @2[0] == ':' ? mm_strdup("$0") : mm_strdup(@2);
+        const char *cursor_marker = @2[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @2;
         int            (*strcmp_fn) (const char *, const char *) = ((@2[0] == ':' || @2[0] == '"') ? strcmp :
pg_strcasecmp);
         struct variable *thisquery = (struct variable *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct variable));
         char       *comment;
@@ -422,10 +430,10 @@ ECPGCursorStmt: DECLARE cursor_name cursor_options CURSOR opt_hold FOR prepared_

         /* initial definition */
         this->next = cur;
-        this->name = @2;
+        this->name = mm_strdup(@2);
         this->function = (current_function ? mm_strdup(current_function) : NULL);
         this->connection = connection ? mm_strdup(connection) : NULL;
-        this->command = cat_str(6, mm_strdup("declare"), cursor_marker, @3, mm_strdup("cursor"), @5, mm_strdup("for
$1"));
+        this->command = mm_strdup(cat_str(6, "declare", cursor_marker, @3, "cursor", @5, "for $1"));
         this->argsresult = NULL;
         this->argsresult_oos = NULL;

@@ -448,7 +456,7 @@ ECPGCursorStmt: DECLARE cursor_name cursor_options CURSOR opt_hold FOR prepared_

         cur = this;

-        comment = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/*"), mm_strdup(this->command), mm_strdup("*/"));
+        comment = cat_str(3, "/*", this->command, "*/");

         @$ = cat_str(2, adjust_outofscope_cursor_vars(this),
                      comment);
@@ -541,45 +549,44 @@ type_declaration: S_TYPEDEF

         fprintf(base_yyout, "typedef %s %s %s %s;\n", $3.type_str, *@4 ? "*" : "", @5, $6.str);
         output_line_number();
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     ;

 var_declaration:
     storage_declaration var_type
     {
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_storage = @1;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_storage = mm_strdup(@1);
         actual_type[struct_level].type_enum = $2.type_enum;
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_str = $2.type_str;
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension = $2.type_dimension;
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_index = $2.type_index;
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_sizeof = $2.type_sizeof;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_str = mm_strdup($2.type_str);
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension = mm_strdup($2.type_dimension);
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_index = mm_strdup($2.type_index);
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_sizeof =
+            $2.type_sizeof ? mm_strdup($2.type_sizeof) : NULL;

         actual_startline[struct_level] = hashline_number();
     }
     variable_list ';'
     {
-        @$ = cat_str(5, actual_startline[struct_level], @1, $2.type_str, @4, mm_strdup(";\n"));
+        @$ = cat_str(5, actual_startline[struct_level], @1, $2.type_str, @4, ";\n");
     }
     | var_type
     {
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_storage = EMPTY;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_storage = mm_strdup("");
         actual_type[struct_level].type_enum = $1.type_enum;
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_str = $1.type_str;
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension = $1.type_dimension;
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_index = $1.type_index;
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_sizeof = $1.type_sizeof;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_str = mm_strdup($1.type_str);
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension = mm_strdup($1.type_dimension);
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_index = mm_strdup($1.type_index);
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_sizeof =
+            $1.type_sizeof ? mm_strdup($1.type_sizeof) : NULL;

         actual_startline[struct_level] = hashline_number();
     }
     variable_list ';'
     {
-        @$ = cat_str(4, actual_startline[struct_level], $1.type_str, @3, mm_strdup(";\n"));
+        @$ = cat_str(4, actual_startline[struct_level], $1.type_str, @3, ";\n");
     }
     | struct_union_type_with_symbol ';'
-    {
-        @$ = cat2_str(@1, mm_strdup(";"));
-    }
     ;

 opt_bit_field: ':' Iconst
@@ -604,16 +611,16 @@ storage_modifier: S_CONST
 var_type: simple_type
     {
         $$.type_enum = $1;
-        $$.type_str = mm_strdup(ecpg_type_name($1));
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_str = loc_strdup(ecpg_type_name($1));
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | struct_union_type
     {
-        $$.type_str = @1;
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_str = loc_strdup(@1);
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";

         if (strncmp(@1, "struct", sizeof("struct") - 1) == 0)
         {
@@ -628,26 +635,26 @@ var_type: simple_type
     }
     | enum_type
     {
-        $$.type_str = @1;
+        $$.type_str = loc_strdup(@1);
         $$.type_enum = ECPGt_int;
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | NUMERIC '(' precision opt_scale ')'
     {
         $$.type_enum = ECPGt_numeric;
-        $$.type_str = mm_strdup("numeric");
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_str = "numeric";
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | DECIMAL_P '(' precision opt_scale ')'
     {
         $$.type_enum = ECPGt_decimal;
-        $$.type_str = mm_strdup("decimal");
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_str = "decimal";
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | IDENT '(' precision opt_scale ')'
@@ -660,63 +667,63 @@ var_type: simple_type
         if (strcmp(@1, "numeric") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_numeric;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("numeric");
+            $$.type_str = "numeric";
         }
         else if (strcmp(@1, "decimal") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_decimal;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("decimal");
+            $$.type_str = "decimal";
         }
         else
         {
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "only data types numeric and decimal have precision/scale argument");
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_numeric;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("numeric");
+            $$.type_str = "numeric";
         }

-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | VARCHAR
     {
         $$.type_enum = ECPGt_varchar;
-        $$.type_str = EMPTY;    /* mm_strdup("varchar"); */
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_str = "";    /* "varchar"; */
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | FLOAT_P
     {
         /* Note: DOUBLE is handled in simple_type */
         $$.type_enum = ECPGt_float;
-        $$.type_str = mm_strdup("float");
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_str = "float";
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | NUMERIC
     {
         $$.type_enum = ECPGt_numeric;
-        $$.type_str = mm_strdup("numeric");
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_str = "numeric";
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | DECIMAL_P
     {
         $$.type_enum = ECPGt_decimal;
-        $$.type_str = mm_strdup("decimal");
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_str = "decimal";
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | TIMESTAMP
     {
         $$.type_enum = ECPGt_timestamp;
-        $$.type_str = mm_strdup("timestamp");
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_str = "timestamp";
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | STRING_P
@@ -725,9 +732,9 @@ var_type: simple_type
         {
             /* In Informix mode, "string" is automatically a typedef */
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_string;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("char");
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "char";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else
@@ -735,14 +742,14 @@ var_type: simple_type
             /* Otherwise, legal only if user typedef'ed it */
             struct typedefs *this = get_typedef("string", false);

-            $$.type_str = (this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_varchar || this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_bytea) ? EMPTY :
mm_strdup(this->name);
+            $$.type_str = (this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_varchar || this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_bytea) ?
mm_strdup(""): mm_strdup(this->name); 
             $$.type_enum = this->type->type_enum;
             $$.type_dimension = this->type->type_dimension;
             $$.type_index = this->type->type_index;
             if (this->type->type_sizeof && strlen(this->type->type_sizeof) != 0)
                 $$.type_sizeof = this->type->type_sizeof;
             else
-                $$.type_sizeof = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("sizeof("), mm_strdup(this->name), mm_strdup(")"));
+                $$.type_sizeof = cat_str(3, "sizeof(", this->name, ")");

             struct_member_list[struct_level] = ECPGstruct_member_dup(this->struct_member_list);
         }
@@ -750,9 +757,9 @@ var_type: simple_type
     | INTERVAL ecpg_interval
     {
         $$.type_enum = ECPGt_interval;
-        $$.type_str = mm_strdup("interval");
-        $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-        $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+        $$.type_str = "interval";
+        $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+        $$.type_index = "-1";
         $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
     }
     | IDENT ecpg_interval
@@ -772,89 +779,89 @@ var_type: simple_type
         if (strcmp(@1, "varchar") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_varchar;
-            $$.type_str = EMPTY;    /* mm_strdup("varchar"); */
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "";    /* "varchar"; */
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else if (strcmp(@1, "bytea") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_bytea;
-            $$.type_str = EMPTY;
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else if (strcmp(@1, "float") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_float;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("float");
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "float";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else if (strcmp(@1, "double") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_double;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("double");
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "double";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else if (strcmp(@1, "numeric") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_numeric;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("numeric");
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "numeric";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else if (strcmp(@1, "decimal") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_decimal;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("decimal");
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "decimal";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else if (strcmp(@1, "date") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_date;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("date");
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "date";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else if (strcmp(@1, "timestamp") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_timestamp;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("timestamp");
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "timestamp";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else if (strcmp(@1, "interval") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_interval;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("interval");
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "interval";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else if (strcmp(@1, "datetime") == 0)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_timestamp;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("timestamp");
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "timestamp";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else if ((strcmp(@1, "string") == 0) && INFORMIX_MODE)
         {
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_string;
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup("char");
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
+            $$.type_str = "char";
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = NULL;
         }
         else
@@ -862,14 +869,14 @@ var_type: simple_type
             /* Otherwise, it must be a user-defined typedef name */
             struct typedefs *this = get_typedef(@1, false);

-            $$.type_str = (this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_varchar || this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_bytea) ? EMPTY :
mm_strdup(this->name);
+            $$.type_str = (this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_varchar || this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_bytea) ?
mm_strdup(""): mm_strdup(this->name); 
             $$.type_enum = this->type->type_enum;
             $$.type_dimension = this->type->type_dimension;
             $$.type_index = this->type->type_index;
             if (this->type->type_sizeof && strlen(this->type->type_sizeof) != 0)
                 $$.type_sizeof = this->type->type_sizeof;
             else
-                $$.type_sizeof = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("sizeof("), mm_strdup(this->name), mm_strdup(")"));
+                $$.type_sizeof = cat_str(3, "sizeof(", this->name, ")");

             struct_member_list[struct_level] = ECPGstruct_member_dup(this->struct_member_list);
         }
@@ -888,21 +895,20 @@ var_type: simple_type
             /* No */

             this = get_typedef(name, false);
-            $$.type_str = mm_strdup(this->name);
+            $$.type_str = this->name;
             $$.type_enum = this->type->type_enum;
             $$.type_dimension = this->type->type_dimension;
             $$.type_index = this->type->type_index;
             $$.type_sizeof = this->type->type_sizeof;
             struct_member_list[struct_level] = ECPGstruct_member_dup(this->struct_member_list);
-            free(name);
         }
         else
         {
             $$.type_str = name;
             $$.type_enum = ECPGt_long;
-            $$.type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_index = mm_strdup("-1");
-            $$.type_sizeof = mm_strdup("");
+            $$.type_dimension = "-1";
+            $$.type_index = "-1";
+            $$.type_sizeof = "";
             struct_member_list[struct_level] = NULL;
         }
     }
@@ -932,7 +938,7 @@ struct_union_type_with_symbol: s_struct_union_symbol
         ECPGfree_struct_member(struct_member_list[struct_level]);
         struct_member_list[struct_level] = NULL;
         struct_level--;
-        if (strncmp($1.su, "struct", sizeof("struct") - 1) == 0)
+        if (strcmp($1.su, "struct") == 0)
             su_type.type_enum = ECPGt_struct;
         else
             su_type.type_enum = ECPGt_union;
@@ -967,7 +973,7 @@ struct_union_type_with_symbol: s_struct_union_symbol
         this->struct_member_list = struct_member_list[struct_level];

         types = this;
-        @$ = cat_str(4, su_type.type_str, mm_strdup("{"), @4, mm_strdup("}"));
+        @$ = cat_str(4, su_type.type_str, "{", @4, "}");
     }
     ;

@@ -983,19 +989,21 @@ struct_union_type: struct_union_type_with_symbol
         ECPGfree_struct_member(struct_member_list[struct_level]);
         struct_member_list[struct_level] = NULL;
         struct_level--;
-        @$ = cat_str(4, @1, mm_strdup("{"), @4, mm_strdup("}"));
+        @$ = cat_str(4, @1, "{", @4, "}");
     }
     ;

 s_struct_union_symbol: SQL_STRUCT symbol
     {
-        $$.su = mm_strdup("struct");
+        $$.su = "struct";
         $$.symbol = @2;
-        ECPGstruct_sizeof = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("sizeof("), cat2_str(mm_strdup($$.su), mm_strdup($$.symbol)),
mm_strdup(")"));
+        ECPGstruct_sizeof = mm_strdup(cat_str(3, "sizeof(",
+                                              cat2_str($$.su, $$.symbol),
+                                              ")"));
     }
     | UNION symbol
     {
-        $$.su = mm_strdup("union");
+        $$.su = "union";
         $$.symbol = @2;
     }
     ;
@@ -1004,11 +1012,11 @@ s_struct_union: SQL_STRUCT
     {
         ECPGstruct_sizeof = mm_strdup("");    /* This must not be NULL to
                                              * distinguish from simple types. */
-        @$ = mm_strdup("struct");
+        @$ = "struct";
     }
     | UNION
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("union");
+        @$ = "union";
     }
     ;

@@ -1047,23 +1055,27 @@ variable_list: variable
     | variable_list ',' variable
     {
         if (actual_type[struct_level].type_enum == ECPGt_varchar || actual_type[struct_level].type_enum ==
ECPGt_bytea)
-            @$ = cat_str(4, @1, mm_strdup(";"), mm_strdup(actual_type[struct_level].type_storage), @3);
+            @$ = cat_str(4, @1, ";", actual_type[struct_level].type_storage, @3);
         else
-            @$ = cat_str(3, @1, mm_strdup(","), @3);
+            @$ = cat_str(3, @1, ",", @3);
     }
     ;

 variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initializer
     {
         struct ECPGtype *type;
-        char       *dimension = $3.index1;    /* dimension of array */
-        char       *length = $3.index2; /* length of string */
+        const char *dimension = $3.index1;    /* dimension of array */
+        const char *length = $3.index2; /* length of string */
         char       *dim_str;
-        char       *vcn;
+        char        vcn[32];
         int           *varlen_type_counter;
         char       *struct_name;

-        adjust_array(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, &dimension, &length,
actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension,actual_type[struct_level].type_index, strlen(@1), false); 
+        adjust_array(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum,
+                     &dimension, &length,
+                     actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension,
+                     actual_type[struct_level].type_index,
+                     strlen(@1), false);
         switch (actual_type[struct_level].type_enum)
         {
             case ECPGt_struct:
@@ -1073,7 +1085,7 @@ variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initialize
                 else
                     type = ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_struct_type(struct_member_list[struct_level],
actual_type[struct_level].type_enum,actual_type[struct_level].type_str, actual_type[struct_level].type_sizeof),
dimension);

-                @$ = cat_str(5, @1, mm_strdup(@2), $3.str, @4, @5);
+                @$ = cat_str(5, @1, @2, $3.str, @4, @5);
                 break;

             case ECPGt_varchar:
@@ -1094,9 +1106,9 @@ variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initialize
                     type = ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, length,
*varlen_type_counter),dimension); 

                 if (strcmp(dimension, "0") == 0 || abs(atoi(dimension)) == 1)
-                    dim_str = mm_strdup("");
+                    dim_str = "";
                 else
-                    dim_str = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("["), mm_strdup(dimension), mm_strdup("]"));
+                    dim_str = cat_str(3, "[", dimension, "]");

                 /*
                  * cannot check for atoi <= 0 because a defined constant will
@@ -1109,12 +1121,11 @@ variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initialize
                  * make sure varchar struct name is unique by adding a unique
                  * counter to its definition
                  */
-                vcn = (char *) mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
-                sprintf(vcn, "%d", *varlen_type_counter);
+                snprintf(vcn, sizeof(vcn), "%d", *varlen_type_counter);
                 if (strcmp(dimension, "0") == 0)
-                    @$ = cat_str(7, make2_str(mm_strdup(struct_name), vcn), mm_strdup(" { int len; char arr["),
mm_strdup(length),mm_strdup("]; } *"), mm_strdup(@2), @4, @5); 
+                    @$ = cat_str(7, make2_str(struct_name, vcn), " { int len; char arr[", length, "]; } *", @2, @4,
@5);
                 else
-                    @$ = cat_str(8, make2_str(mm_strdup(struct_name), vcn), mm_strdup(" { int len; char arr["),
mm_strdup(length),mm_strdup("]; } "), mm_strdup(@2), dim_str, @4, @5); 
+                    @$ = cat_str(8, make2_str(struct_name, vcn), " { int len; char arr[", length, "]; } ", @2,
dim_str,@4, @5); 
                 (*varlen_type_counter)++;
                 break;

@@ -1132,25 +1143,26 @@ variable: opt_pointer ECPGColLabel opt_array_bounds opt_bit_field opt_initialize
                          * if we have an initializer but no string size set,
                          * let's use the initializer's length
                          */
-                        free(length);
-                        length = mm_alloc(i + sizeof("sizeof()"));
-                        sprintf(length, "sizeof(%s)", @5 + 2);
+                        char   *buf = loc_alloc(32);
+
+                        snprintf(buf, 32, "sizeof(%s)", @5 + 2);
+                        length = buf;
                     }
                     type = ECPGmake_simple_type(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, length, 0);
                 }
                 else
                     type = ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, length, 0),
dimension);

-                @$ = cat_str(5, @1, mm_strdup(@2), $3.str, @4, @5);
+                @$ = cat_str(5, @1, @2, $3.str, @4, @5);
                 break;

             default:
                 if (atoi(dimension) < 0)
-                    type = ECPGmake_simple_type(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, mm_strdup("1"), 0);
+                    type = ECPGmake_simple_type(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, "1", 0);
                 else
-                    type = ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum,
mm_strdup("1"),0), dimension); 
+                    type = ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type(actual_type[struct_level].type_enum, "1", 0),
dimension);

-                @$ = cat_str(5, @1, mm_strdup(@2), $3.str, @4, @5);
+                @$ = cat_str(5, @1, @2, $3.str, @4, @5);
                 break;
         }

@@ -1172,7 +1184,7 @@ opt_pointer: /* EMPTY */
     | '*'
     | '*' '*'
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("**");
+        @$ = "**";
     }
     ;

@@ -1182,7 +1194,7 @@ opt_pointer: /* EMPTY */
 ECPGDeclare: DECLARE STATEMENT ecpg_ident
     {
         /* this is only supported for compatibility */
-        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* declare statement"), @3, mm_strdup("*/"));
+        @$ = cat_str(3, "/* declare statement", @3, "*/");
     }
     ;
 /*
@@ -1197,25 +1209,25 @@ ECPGDisconnect: SQL_DISCONNECT dis_name
 dis_name: connection_object
     | CURRENT_P
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("\"CURRENT\"");
+        @$ = "\"CURRENT\"";
     }
     | ALL
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("\"ALL\"");
+        @$ = "\"ALL\"";
     }
     | /* EMPTY */
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("\"CURRENT\"");
+        @$ = "\"CURRENT\"";
     }
     ;

 connection_object: name
     {
-        @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
+        @$ = make3_str("\"", @1, "\"");
     }
     | DEFAULT
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("\"DEFAULT\"");
+        @$ = "\"DEFAULT\"";
     }
     | char_variable
     ;
@@ -1223,7 +1235,7 @@ connection_object: name
 execstring: char_variable
     | CSTRING
     {
-        @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
+        @$ = make3_str("\"", @1, "\"");
     }
     ;

@@ -1237,7 +1249,7 @@ ECPGFree: SQL_FREE cursor_name
     }
     | SQL_FREE ALL
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("all");
+        @$ = "all";
     }
     ;

@@ -1258,7 +1270,7 @@ opt_ecpg_using: /* EMPTY */

 ecpg_using: USING using_list
     {
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     | using_descriptor
     ;
@@ -1266,31 +1278,31 @@ ecpg_using: USING using_list
 using_descriptor: USING SQL_P SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar
     {
         add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, descriptor_variable(@4, 0), &no_indicator);
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     | USING SQL_DESCRIPTOR name
     {
         add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, sqlda_variable(@3), &no_indicator);
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     ;

 into_descriptor: INTO SQL_P SQL_DESCRIPTOR quoted_ident_stringvar
     {
         add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, descriptor_variable(@4, 1), &no_indicator);
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     | INTO SQL_DESCRIPTOR name
     {
         add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, sqlda_variable(@3), &no_indicator);
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     ;

 into_sqlda: INTO name
     {
         add_variable_to_head(&argsresult, sqlda_variable(@2), &no_indicator);
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     ;

@@ -1299,18 +1311,18 @@ using_list: UsingValue | UsingValue ',' using_list

 UsingValue: UsingConst
     {
-        char       *length = mm_alloc(32);
+        char        length[32];

-        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(@1));
+        snprintf(length, sizeof(length), "%zu", strlen(@1));
         add_variable_to_head(&argsinsert, new_variable(@1, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0),
&no_indicator);
     }
     | civar
     {
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     | civarind
     {
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     ;

@@ -1430,9 +1442,9 @@ ECPGSetDescHeaderItem: desc_header_item '=' IntConstVar

 IntConstVar: Iconst
     {
-        char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
+        char        length[32];

-        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(@1));
+        snprintf(length, sizeof(length), "%zu", strlen(@1));
         new_variable(@1, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
     }
     | cvariable
@@ -1484,37 +1496,39 @@ ECPGSetDescItem: descriptor_item '=' AllConstVar

 AllConstVar: ecpg_fconst
     {
-        char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
+        char        length[32];

-        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(@1));
+        snprintf(length, sizeof(length), "%zu", strlen(@1));
         new_variable(@1, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
     }
     | IntConstVar
     | '-' ecpg_fconst
     {
-        char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
-        char       *var = cat2_str(mm_strdup("-"), @2);
+        char        length[32];
+        char       *var = cat2_str("-", @2);

-        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(var));
+        snprintf(length, sizeof(length), "%zu", strlen(var));
         new_variable(var, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
         @$ = var;
     }
     | '-' Iconst
     {
-        char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
-        char       *var = cat2_str(mm_strdup("-"), @2);
+        char        length[32];
+        char       *var = cat2_str("-", @2);

-        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(var));
+        snprintf(length, sizeof(length), "%zu", strlen(var));
         new_variable(var, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
         @$ = var;
     }
     | ecpg_sconst
     {
-        char       *length = mm_alloc(sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3);
-        char       *var = @1 + 1;
+        char        length[32];
+        char       *var;

+        /* Strip single quotes from ecpg_sconst */
+        var = loc_strdup(@1 + 1);
         var[strlen(var) - 1] = '\0';
-        sprintf(length, "%zu", strlen(var));
+        snprintf(length, sizeof(length), "%zu", strlen(var));
         new_variable(var, ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_const, length, 0), 0);
         @$ = var;
     }
@@ -1587,9 +1601,9 @@ ECPGTypedef: TYPE_P
         add_typedef(@3, $6.index1, $6.index2, $5.type_enum, $5.type_dimension, $5.type_index, initializer, *@7 ? 1 :
0);

         if (auto_create_c == false)
-            @$ = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("/* exec sql type"), mm_strdup(@3), mm_strdup("is"), mm_strdup($5.type_str),
mm_strdup($6.str),@7, mm_strdup("*/")); 
+            @$ = cat_str(7, "/* exec sql type", @3, "is", $5.type_str, $6.str, @7, "*/");
         else
-            @$ = cat_str(6, mm_strdup("typedef "), mm_strdup($5.type_str), *@7 ? mm_strdup("*") : mm_strdup(""),
mm_strdup(@3),mm_strdup($6.str), mm_strdup(";")); 
+            @$ = cat_str(6, "typedef ", $5.type_str, *@7 ? "*" : "", @3, $6.str, ";");
     }
     ;

@@ -1609,8 +1623,8 @@ ECPGVar: SQL_VAR
     ColLabel    IS var_type opt_array_bounds opt_reference
     {
         struct variable *p = find_variable(@3);
-        char       *dimension = $6.index1;
-        char       *length = $6.index2;
+        const char *dimension = $6.index1;
+        const char *length = $6.index2;
         struct ECPGtype *type;

         if            (($5.type_enum == ECPGt_struct ||
@@ -1619,7 +1633,8 @@ ECPGVar: SQL_VAR
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "initializer not allowed in EXEC SQL VAR command");
         else
         {
-            adjust_array($5.type_enum, &dimension, &length, $5.type_dimension, $5.type_index, *@7 ? 1 : 0, false);
+            adjust_array($5.type_enum, &dimension, &length,
+                         $5.type_dimension, $5.type_index, *@7 ? 1 : 0, false);

             switch ($5.type_enum)
             {
@@ -1653,9 +1668,9 @@ ECPGVar: SQL_VAR
                         mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "multidimensional arrays for simple data types are not
supported");

                     if (atoi(dimension) < 0)
-                        type = ECPGmake_simple_type($5.type_enum, mm_strdup("1"), 0);
+                        type = ECPGmake_simple_type($5.type_enum, "1", 0);
                     else
-                        type = ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type($5.type_enum, mm_strdup("1"), 0), dimension);
+                        type = ECPGmake_array_type(ECPGmake_simple_type($5.type_enum, "1", 0), dimension);
                     break;
             }

@@ -1663,7 +1678,7 @@ ECPGVar: SQL_VAR
             p->type = type;
         }

-                    @$ = cat_str(7, mm_strdup("/* exec sql var"), mm_strdup(@3), mm_strdup("is"),
mm_strdup($5.type_str),mm_strdup($6.str), @7, mm_strdup("*/")); 
+                    @$ = cat_str(7, "/* exec sql var", @3, "is", $5.type_str, $6.str, @7, "*/");
     }
     ;

@@ -1673,83 +1688,83 @@ ECPGVar: SQL_VAR
  */
 ECPGWhenever: SQL_WHENEVER SQL_SQLERROR action
     {
-        when_error.code = $<action>3.code;
-        when_error.command = $<action>3.command;
-        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* exec sql whenever sqlerror "), $3.str, mm_strdup("; */"));
+        when_error.code = $3.code;
+        when_error.command = $3.command ? mm_strdup($3.command) : NULL;
+        @$ = cat_str(3, "/* exec sql whenever sqlerror ", $3.str, "; */");
     }
     | SQL_WHENEVER NOT SQL_FOUND action
     {
-        when_nf.code = $<action>4.code;
-        when_nf.command = $<action>4.command;
-        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* exec sql whenever not found "), $4.str, mm_strdup("; */"));
+        when_nf.code = $4.code;
+        when_nf.command = $4.command ? mm_strdup($4.command) : NULL;
+        @$ = cat_str(3, "/* exec sql whenever not found ", $4.str, "; */");
     }
     | SQL_WHENEVER SQL_SQLWARNING action
     {
-        when_warn.code = $<action>3.code;
-        when_warn.command = $<action>3.command;
-        @$ = cat_str(3, mm_strdup("/* exec sql whenever sql_warning "), $3.str, mm_strdup("; */"));
+        when_warn.code = $3.code;
+        when_warn.command = $3.command ? mm_strdup($3.command) : NULL;
+        @$ = cat_str(3, "/* exec sql whenever sql_warning ", $3.str, "; */");
     }
     ;

 action: CONTINUE_P
     {
-        $<action>$.code = W_NOTHING;
-        $<action>$.command = NULL;
-        $<action>$.str = mm_strdup("continue");
+        $$.code = W_NOTHING;
+        $$.command = NULL;
+        $$.str = "continue";
     }
     | SQL_SQLPRINT
     {
-        $<action>$.code = W_SQLPRINT;
-        $<action>$.command = NULL;
-        $<action>$.str = mm_strdup("sqlprint");
+        $$.code = W_SQLPRINT;
+        $$.command = NULL;
+        $$.str = "sqlprint";
     }
     | SQL_STOP
     {
-        $<action>$.code = W_STOP;
-        $<action>$.command = NULL;
-        $<action>$.str = mm_strdup("stop");
+        $$.code = W_STOP;
+        $$.command = NULL;
+        $$.str = "stop";
     }
     | SQL_GOTO name
     {
-        $<action>$.code = W_GOTO;
-        $<action>$.command = mm_strdup(@2);
-        $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("goto "), @2);
+        $$.code = W_GOTO;
+        $$.command = loc_strdup(@2);
+        $$.str = cat2_str("goto ", @2);
     }
     | SQL_GO TO name
     {
-        $<action>$.code = W_GOTO;
-        $<action>$.command = mm_strdup(@3);
-        $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("goto "), @3);
+        $$.code = W_GOTO;
+        $$.command = loc_strdup(@3);
+        $$.str = cat2_str("goto ", @3);
     }
     | DO name '(' c_args ')'
     {
-        $<action>$.code = W_DO;
-        $<action>$.command = cat_str(4, @2, mm_strdup("("), @4, mm_strdup(")"));
-        $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("do"), mm_strdup($<action>$.command));
+        $$.code = W_DO;
+        $$.command = cat_str(4, @2, "(", @4, ")");
+        $$.str = cat2_str("do", $$.command);
     }
     | DO SQL_BREAK
     {
-        $<action>$.code = W_BREAK;
-        $<action>$.command = NULL;
-        $<action>$.str = mm_strdup("break");
+        $$.code = W_BREAK;
+        $$.command = NULL;
+        $$.str = "break";
     }
     | DO CONTINUE_P
     {
-        $<action>$.code = W_CONTINUE;
-        $<action>$.command = NULL;
-        $<action>$.str = mm_strdup("continue");
+        $$.code = W_CONTINUE;
+        $$.command = NULL;
+        $$.str = "continue";
     }
     | CALL name '(' c_args ')'
     {
-        $<action>$.code = W_DO;
-        $<action>$.command = cat_str(4, @2, mm_strdup("("), @4, mm_strdup(")"));
-        $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("call"), mm_strdup($<action>$.command));
+        $$.code = W_DO;
+        $$.command = cat_str(4, @2, "(", @4, ")");
+        $$.str = cat2_str("call", $$.command);
     }
     | CALL name
     {
-        $<action>$.code = W_DO;
-        $<action>$.command = cat2_str(@2, mm_strdup("()"));
-        $<action>$.str = cat2_str(mm_strdup("call"), mm_strdup($<action>$.command));
+        $$.code = W_DO;
+        $$.command = cat2_str(@2, "()");
+        $$.str = cat2_str("call", $$.command);
     }
     ;

@@ -1913,7 +1928,7 @@ ecpgstart: SQL_START
     {
         reset_variables();
         pacounter = 1;
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     ;

@@ -1982,7 +1997,7 @@ cvariable: CVARIABLE
          * As long as multidimensional arrays are not implemented we have to
          * check for those here
          */
-        char       *ptr = @1;
+        const char *ptr = @1;
         int            brace_open = 0,
                     brace = false;

@@ -2013,18 +2028,12 @@ cvariable: CVARIABLE
     ;

 ecpg_param: PARAM
-    {
-        @$ = make_name();
-    }
     ;

 ecpg_bconst: BCONST
     ;

 ecpg_fconst: FCONST
-    {
-        @$ = make_name();
-    }
     ;

 ecpg_sconst: SCONST
@@ -2036,17 +2045,17 @@ ecpg_xconst: XCONST
 ecpg_ident: IDENT
     | CSTRING
     {
-        @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
+        @$ = make3_str("\"", @1, "\"");
     }
     ;

 quoted_ident_stringvar: name
     {
-        @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("\""), @1, mm_strdup("\""));
+        @$ = make3_str("\"", @1, "\"");
     }
     | char_variable
     {
-        @$ = make3_str(mm_strdup("("), @1, mm_strdup(")"));
+        @$ = make3_str("(", @1, ")");
     }
     ;

@@ -2057,7 +2066,7 @@ quoted_ident_stringvar: name
 c_stuff_item: c_anything
     | '(' ')'
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("()");
+        @$ = "()";
     }
     | '(' c_stuff ')'
     ;
@@ -2094,7 +2103,7 @@ c_anything: ecpg_ident
     | '-'
     | '/'
     | '%'
-    | NULL_P                        { @$ = mm_strdup("NULL"); }
+    | NULL_P                        { @$ = "NULL"; }
     | S_ADD
     | S_AND
     | S_ANYTHING
@@ -2155,11 +2164,11 @@ DeallocateStmt: DEALLOCATE prepared_name
     }
     | DEALLOCATE ALL
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("all");
+        @$ = "all";
     }
     | DEALLOCATE PREPARE ALL
     {
-        @$ = mm_strdup("all");
+        @$ = "all";
     }
     ;

@@ -2177,7 +2186,7 @@ Iresult: Iconst
         if (pg_strcasecmp(@1, "sizeof") != 0)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "operator not allowed in variable definition");
         else
-            @$ = cat_str(4, @1, mm_strdup("("), $3.type_str, mm_strdup(")"));
+            @$ = cat_str(4, @1, "(", $3.type_str, ")");
     }
     ;

@@ -2190,7 +2199,7 @@ execute_rest: /* EMPTY */
 ecpg_into: INTO into_list
     {
         /* always suppress this from the constructed string */
-        @$ = EMPTY;
+        @$ = "";
     }
     | into_descriptor
     ;
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c
index 8d2b6e7cb8..a18904f88b 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ output_line_number(void)
     char       *line = hashline_number();

     fprintf(base_yyout, "%s", line);
-    free(line);
 }

 void
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ hashline_number(void)
         )
     {
         /* "* 2" here is for escaping '\' and '"' below */
-        char       *line = mm_alloc(strlen("\n#line %d \"%s\"\n") + sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3 +
strlen(input_filename)* 2); 
+        char       *line = loc_alloc(strlen("\n#line %d \"%s\"\n") + sizeof(int) * CHAR_BIT * 10 / 3 +
strlen(input_filename)* 2); 
         char       *src,
                    *dest;

@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ hashline_number(void)
         return line;
     }

-    return EMPTY;
+    return "";
 }

 static char *ecpg_statement_type_name[] = {
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c
index 8807c22cb6..78eeb78466 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ filtered_base_yylex(void)

                 /* Combine 3 tokens into 1 */
                 base_yylval.str = psprintf("%s UESCAPE %s", base_yylval.str, escstr);
-                base_yylloc = mm_strdup(base_yylval.str);
+                base_yylloc = loc_strdup(base_yylval.str);

                 /* Clear have_lookahead, thereby consuming all three tokens */
                 have_lookahead = false;
@@ -254,11 +254,11 @@ base_yylex_location(void)
         case UIDENT:
         case IP:
             /* Duplicate the <str> value */
-            base_yylloc = mm_strdup(base_yylval.str);
+            base_yylloc = loc_strdup(base_yylval.str);
             break;
         default:
             /* Else just use the input, i.e., yytext */
-            base_yylloc = mm_strdup(base_yytext);
+            base_yylloc = loc_strdup(base_yytext);
             /* Apply an ASCII-only downcasing */
             for (unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char *) base_yylloc; *ptr; ptr++)
             {
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h
index 29329ccd89..a60b0381fb 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/preproc_extern.h
@@ -13,12 +13,11 @@
 /* defines */

 #define STRUCT_DEPTH 128
-#define EMPTY mm_strdup("")

 /*
  * "Location tracking" support --- see ecpg.header for more comments.
  */
-typedef char *YYLTYPE;
+typedef const char *YYLTYPE;

 #define YYLTYPE_IS_DECLARED 1

@@ -82,22 +81,25 @@ extern int    base_yylex(void);
 extern void base_yyerror(const char *error);
 extern void *mm_alloc(size_t size);
 extern char *mm_strdup(const char *string);
-extern char *cat2_str(char *str1, char *str2);
+extern void *loc_alloc(size_t size);
+extern char *loc_strdup(const char *string);
+extern void reclaim_local_storage(void);
+extern char *cat2_str(const char *str1, const char *str2);
 extern char *cat_str(int count,...);
-extern char *make2_str(char *str1, char *str2);
-extern char *make3_str(char *str1, char *str2, char *str3);
+extern char *make2_str(const char *str1, const char *str2);
+extern char *make3_str(const char *str1, const char *str2, const char *str3);
 extern void mmerror(int error_code, enum errortype type, const char *error,...) pg_attribute_printf(3, 4);
 extern void mmfatal(int error_code, const char *error,...) pg_attribute_printf(2, 3) pg_attribute_noreturn();
-extern void output_get_descr_header(char *desc_name);
-extern void output_get_descr(char *desc_name, char *index);
-extern void output_set_descr_header(char *desc_name);
-extern void output_set_descr(char *desc_name, char *index);
-extern void push_assignment(char *var, enum ECPGdtype value);
-extern struct variable *find_variable(char *name);
+extern void output_get_descr_header(const char *desc_name);
+extern void output_get_descr(const char *desc_name, const char *index);
+extern void output_set_descr_header(const char *desc_name);
+extern void output_set_descr(const char *desc_name, const char *index);
+extern void push_assignment(const char *var, enum ECPGdtype value);
+extern struct variable *find_variable(const char *name);
 extern void whenever_action(int mode);
-extern void add_descriptor(char *name, char *connection);
-extern void drop_descriptor(char *name, char *connection);
-extern struct descriptor *lookup_descriptor(char *name, char *connection);
+extern void add_descriptor(const char *name, const char *connection);
+extern void drop_descriptor(const char *name, const char *connection);
+extern struct descriptor *lookup_descriptor(const char *name, const char *connection);
 extern struct variable *descriptor_variable(const char *name, int input);
 extern struct variable *sqlda_variable(const char *name);
 extern void add_variable_to_head(struct arguments **list,
@@ -109,9 +111,9 @@ extern void add_variable_to_tail(struct arguments **list,
 extern void remove_variable_from_list(struct arguments **list, struct variable *var);
 extern void dump_variables(struct arguments *list, int mode);
 extern struct typedefs *get_typedef(const char *name, bool noerror);
-extern void adjust_array(enum ECPGttype type_enum, char **dimension,
-                         char **length, char *type_dimension,
-                         char *type_index, int pointer_len,
+extern void adjust_array(enum ECPGttype type_enum, const char **dimension,
+                         const char **length, const char *type_dimension,
+                         const char *type_index, int pointer_len,
                          bool type_definition);
 extern void reset_variables(void);
 extern void check_indicator(struct ECPGtype *var);
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c
index 5610a8dc76..7f52521dbf 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ ECPGmake_struct_member(const char *name, struct ECPGtype *type, struct ECPGstruc
 }

 struct ECPGtype *
-ECPGmake_simple_type(enum ECPGttype type, char *size, int counter)
+ECPGmake_simple_type(enum ECPGttype type, const char *size, int counter)
 {
     struct ECPGtype *ne = (struct ECPGtype *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct ECPGtype));

     ne->type = type;
     ne->type_name = NULL;
-    ne->size = size;
+    ne->size = mm_strdup(size);
     ne->u.element = NULL;
     ne->struct_sizeof = NULL;
     ne->counter = counter;        /* only needed for varchar and bytea */
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ ECPGmake_simple_type(enum ECPGttype type, char *size, int counter)
 }

 struct ECPGtype *
-ECPGmake_array_type(struct ECPGtype *type, char *size)
+ECPGmake_array_type(struct ECPGtype *type, const char *size)
 {
     struct ECPGtype *ne = ECPGmake_simple_type(ECPGt_array, size, 0);

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ ECPGmake_array_type(struct ECPGtype *type, char *size)
 struct ECPGtype *
 ECPGmake_struct_type(struct ECPGstruct_member *rm, enum ECPGttype type, char *type_name, char *struct_sizeof)
 {
-    struct ECPGtype *ne = ECPGmake_simple_type(type, mm_strdup("1"), 0);
+    struct ECPGtype *ne = ECPGmake_simple_type(type, "1", 0);

     ne->type_name = mm_strdup(type_name);
     ne->u.members = ECPGstruct_member_dup(rm);
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.h b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.h
index ce2124361f..90126551d1 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.h
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ struct ECPGtype
 /* Everything is malloced. */
 void        ECPGmake_struct_member(const char *name, struct ECPGtype *type,
                                    struct ECPGstruct_member **start);
-struct ECPGtype *ECPGmake_simple_type(enum ECPGttype type, char *size, int counter);
-struct ECPGtype *ECPGmake_array_type(struct ECPGtype *type, char *size);
+struct ECPGtype *ECPGmake_simple_type(enum ECPGttype type, const char *size, int counter);
+struct ECPGtype *ECPGmake_array_type(struct ECPGtype *type, const char *size);
 struct ECPGtype *ECPGmake_struct_type(struct ECPGstruct_member *rm,
                                       enum ECPGttype type, char *type_name,
                                       char *struct_sizeof);
@@ -93,28 +93,28 @@ struct when

 struct index
 {
-    char       *index1;
-    char       *index2;
-    char       *str;
+    const char *index1;
+    const char *index2;
+    const char *str;
 };

 struct su_symbol
 {
-    char       *su;
-    char       *symbol;
+    const char *su;
+    const char *symbol;
 };

 struct prep
 {
-    char       *name;
-    char       *stmt;
-    char       *type;
+    const char *name;
+    const char *stmt;
+    const char *type;
 };

 struct exec
 {
-    char       *name;
-    char       *type;
+    const char *name;
+    const char *type;
 };

 struct this_type
@@ -221,14 +221,14 @@ enum errortype

 struct fetch_desc
 {
-    char       *str;
-    char       *name;
+    const char *str;
+    const char *name;
 };

 struct describe
 {
     int            input;
-    char       *stmt_name;
+    const char *stmt_name;
 };

 #endif                            /* _ECPG_PREPROC_TYPE_H */
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c
index cb1eca7f3c..9672c12b29 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/util.c
@@ -104,33 +104,117 @@ mm_strdup(const char *string)
     return new;
 }

+
 /*
- * String concatenation
+ * "Local" (or "location"?) memory management support
+ *
+ * These functions manage memory that is only needed for a short time
+ * (processing of one input statement) within the ecpg grammar.
+ * Data allocated with these is not meant to be freed separately;
+ * rather it's freed by calling reclaim_local_storage() at the end
+ * of each statement cycle.
  */

+typedef struct loc_chunk
+{
+    struct loc_chunk *next;        /* list link */
+    unsigned int chunk_used;    /* index of first unused byte in data[] */
+    unsigned int chunk_avail;    /* # bytes still available in data[] */
+    char        data[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];    /* actual storage */
+} loc_chunk;
+
+#define LOC_CHUNK_OVERHEAD    MAXALIGN(offsetof(loc_chunk, data))
+#define LOC_CHUNK_MIN_SIZE    8192
+
+/* Head of list of loc_chunks */
+static loc_chunk *loc_chunks = NULL;
+
 /*
- * Concatenate 2 strings, inserting a space between them unless either is empty
+ * Allocate local space of the requested size.
  *
- * The input strings are freed.
+ * Exits on OOM.
+ */
+void *
+loc_alloc(size_t size)
+{
+    void       *result;
+    loc_chunk  *cur_chunk = loc_chunks;
+
+    /* Ensure all allocations are adequately aligned */
+    size = MAXALIGN(size);
+
+    /* Need a new chunk? */
+    if (cur_chunk == NULL || size > cur_chunk->chunk_avail)
+    {
+        size_t        chunk_size = Max(size, LOC_CHUNK_MIN_SIZE);
+
+        cur_chunk = mm_alloc(chunk_size + LOC_CHUNK_OVERHEAD);
+        /* Depending on alignment rules, we could waste a bit here */
+        cur_chunk->chunk_used = LOC_CHUNK_OVERHEAD - offsetof(loc_chunk, data);
+        cur_chunk->chunk_avail = chunk_size;
+        /* New chunk becomes the head of the list */
+        cur_chunk->next = loc_chunks;
+        loc_chunks = cur_chunk;
+    }
+
+    result = cur_chunk->data + cur_chunk->chunk_used;
+    cur_chunk->chunk_used += size;
+    cur_chunk->chunk_avail -= size;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Copy given string into local storage
+ */
+char *
+loc_strdup(const char *string)
+{
+    char       *result = loc_alloc(strlen(string) + 1);
+
+    strcpy(result, string);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Reclaim local storage when appropriate
+ */
+void
+reclaim_local_storage(void)
+{
+    loc_chunk  *cur_chunk,
+               *next_chunk;
+
+    for (cur_chunk = loc_chunks; cur_chunk; cur_chunk = next_chunk)
+    {
+        next_chunk = cur_chunk->next;
+        free(cur_chunk);
+    }
+    loc_chunks = NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * String concatenation support routines.  These return "local" (transient)
+ * storage.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Concatenate 2 strings, inserting a space between them unless either is empty
  */
 char *
-cat2_str(char *str1, char *str2)
+cat2_str(const char *str1, const char *str2)
 {
-    char       *res_str = (char *) mm_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + 2);
+    char       *res_str = (char *) loc_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + 2);

     strcpy(res_str, str1);
     if (strlen(str1) != 0 && strlen(str2) != 0)
         strcat(res_str, " ");
     strcat(res_str, str2);
-    free(str1);
-    free(str2);
     return res_str;
 }

 /*
  * Concatenate N strings, inserting spaces between them unless they are empty
- *
- * The input strings are freed.
  */
 char *
 cat_str(int count,...)
@@ -154,36 +238,27 @@ cat_str(int count,...)

 /*
  * Concatenate 2 strings, with no space between
- *
- * The input strings are freed.
  */
 char *
-make2_str(char *str1, char *str2)
+make2_str(const char *str1, const char *str2)
 {
-    char       *res_str = (char *) mm_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + 1);
+    char       *res_str = (char *) loc_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + 1);

     strcpy(res_str, str1);
     strcat(res_str, str2);
-    free(str1);
-    free(str2);
     return res_str;
 }

 /*
  * Concatenate 3 strings, with no space between
- *
- * The input strings are freed.
  */
 char *
-make3_str(char *str1, char *str2, char *str3)
+make3_str(const char *str1, const char *str2, const char *str3)
 {
-    char       *res_str = (char *) mm_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + strlen(str3) + 1);
+    char       *res_str = (char *) loc_alloc(strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + strlen(str3) + 1);

     strcpy(res_str, str1);
     strcat(res_str, str2);
     strcat(res_str, str3);
-    free(str1);
-    free(str2);
-    free(str3);
     return res_str;
 }
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c
index b23ed5edf4..6b87d5ff3d 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ new_variable(const char *name, struct ECPGtype *type, int brace_level)
 }

 static struct variable *
-find_struct_member(char *name, char *str, struct ECPGstruct_member *members, int brace_level)
+find_struct_member(const char *name, char *str, struct ECPGstruct_member *members, int brace_level)
 {
     char       *next = strpbrk(++str, ".-["),
                *end,
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ find_struct_member(char *name, char *str, struct ECPGstruct_member *members, int
 }

 static struct variable *
-find_struct(char *name, char *next, char *end)
+find_struct(const char *name, char *next, char *end)
 {
     struct variable *p;
     char        c = *next;
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ find_struct(char *name, char *next, char *end)
 }

 static struct variable *
-find_simple(char *name)
+find_simple(const char *name)
 {
     struct variable *p;

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ find_simple(char *name)
 /* Note that this function will end the program in case of an unknown */
 /* variable */
 struct variable *
-find_variable(char *name)
+find_variable(const char *name)
 {
     char       *next,
                *end;
@@ -513,7 +513,10 @@ get_typedef(const char *name, bool noerror)
 }

 void
-adjust_array(enum ECPGttype type_enum, char **dimension, char **length, char *type_dimension, char *type_index, int
pointer_len,bool type_definition) 
+adjust_array(enum ECPGttype type_enum,
+             const char **dimension, const char **length,
+             const char *type_dimension, const char *type_index,
+             int pointer_len, bool type_definition)
 {
     if (atoi(type_index) >= 0)
     {
@@ -556,7 +559,7 @@ adjust_array(enum ECPGttype type_enum, char **dimension, char **length, char *ty
             if (pointer_len)
             {
                 *length = *dimension;
-                *dimension = mm_strdup("0");
+                *dimension = "0";
             }

             if (atoi(*length) >= 0)
@@ -567,13 +570,13 @@ adjust_array(enum ECPGttype type_enum, char **dimension, char **length, char *ty
         case ECPGt_bytea:
             /* pointer has to get dimension 0 */
             if (pointer_len)
-                *dimension = mm_strdup("0");
+                *dimension = "0";

             /* one index is the string length */
             if (atoi(*length) < 0)
             {
                 *length = *dimension;
-                *dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
+                *dimension = "-1";
             }

             break;
@@ -583,13 +586,13 @@ adjust_array(enum ECPGttype type_enum, char **dimension, char **length, char *ty
             /* char ** */
             if (pointer_len == 2)
             {
-                *length = *dimension = mm_strdup("0");
+                *length = *dimension = "0";
                 break;
             }

             /* pointer has to get length 0 */
             if (pointer_len == 1)
-                *length = mm_strdup("0");
+                *length = "0";

             /* one index is the string length */
             if (atoi(*length) < 0)
@@ -604,13 +607,13 @@ adjust_array(enum ECPGttype type_enum, char **dimension, char **length, char *ty
                      * do not change this for typedefs since it will be
                      * changed later on when the variable is defined
                      */
-                    *length = mm_strdup("1");
+                    *length = "1";
                 else if (strcmp(*dimension, "0") == 0)
-                    *length = mm_strdup("-1");
+                    *length = "-1";
                 else
                     *length = *dimension;

-                *dimension = mm_strdup("-1");
+                *dimension = "-1";
             }
             break;
         default:
@@ -618,7 +621,7 @@ adjust_array(enum ECPGttype type_enum, char **dimension, char **length, char *ty
             if (pointer_len)
             {
                 *length = *dimension;
-                *dimension = mm_strdup("0");
+                *dimension = "0";
             }

             if (atoi(*length) >= 0)
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index 547d14b3e7..12121036af 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -3594,6 +3594,7 @@ libpq_source
 line_t
 lineno_t
 list_sort_comparator
+loc_chunk
 local_relopt
 local_relopts
 local_source
--
2.43.5

From e2ad07ca2b1276972565636312ab5ff282481830 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Date: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 13:54:26 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v4 6/9] Fix some memory leakage of data-type-related
 structures.

ECPGfree_type() and related functions were quite incomplete
about removing subsidiary data structures.  Possibly this is
because ecpg wasn't careful to make sure said data structures
always had their own storage.  Previous patches in this series
cleaned up a lot of that, and I had to add a couple more
mm_strdup's here.

Also, ecpg.trailer tended to overwrite struct_member_list[struct_level]
without bothering to free up its previous contents, thus potentially
leaking a lot of struct-member-related storage.  Add
ECPGfree_struct_member() calls at appropriate points.  (Note: the
lifetime of those lists is not obvious.  They are still live after
initial construction, in order to handle cases like

struct foo { ... } foovar1, foovar2;

We can't delete the list immediately after parsing the right brace,
because it needs to be copied for each of the variables.  Instead,
it's kept around until the next struct declaration.)

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2011420.1713493114@sss.pgh.pa.us
---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header  |  3 ++-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer | 11 +++++++++--
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c       | 15 +++++++++------
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.h       |  5 +++--
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c   |  7 ++++++-
 5 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
index d3df8eabbb..d54eca918d 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
@@ -506,11 +506,12 @@ add_typedef(const char *name, const char *dimension, const char *length,
         this->name = mm_strdup(name);
         this->brace_level = braces_open;
         this->type = (struct this_type *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct this_type));
+        this->type->type_storage = NULL;
         this->type->type_enum = type_enum;
         this->type->type_str = mm_strdup(name);
         this->type->type_dimension = mm_strdup(dimension); /* dimension of array */
         this->type->type_index = mm_strdup(length);    /* length of string */
-        this->type->type_sizeof = ECPGstruct_sizeof;
+        this->type->type_sizeof = ECPGstruct_sizeof ? mm_strdup(ECPGstruct_sizeof) : NULL;
         this->struct_member_list = (type_enum == ECPGt_struct || type_enum == ECPGt_union) ?
             ECPGstruct_member_dup(struct_member_list[struct_level]) : NULL;

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
index f9075d0772..ea0550517e 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
@@ -751,6 +751,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             else
                 $$.type_sizeof = cat_str(3, "sizeof(", this->name, ")");

+            ECPGfree_struct_member(struct_member_list[struct_level]);
             struct_member_list[struct_level] = ECPGstruct_member_dup(this->struct_member_list);
         }
     }
@@ -878,6 +879,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             else
                 $$.type_sizeof = cat_str(3, "sizeof(", this->name, ")");

+            ECPGfree_struct_member(struct_member_list[struct_level]);
             struct_member_list[struct_level] = ECPGstruct_member_dup(this->struct_member_list);
         }
     }
@@ -900,6 +902,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_dimension = this->type->type_dimension;
             $$.type_index = this->type->type_index;
             $$.type_sizeof = this->type->type_sizeof;
+            ECPGfree_struct_member(struct_member_list[struct_level]);
             struct_member_list[struct_level] = ECPGstruct_member_dup(this->struct_member_list);
         }
         else
@@ -909,6 +912,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             $$.type_dimension = "-1";
             $$.type_index = "-1";
             $$.type_sizeof = "";
+            ECPGfree_struct_member(struct_member_list[struct_level]);
             struct_member_list[struct_level] = NULL;
         }
     }
@@ -924,6 +928,7 @@ enum_definition: '{' c_list '}'

 struct_union_type_with_symbol: s_struct_union_symbol
     {
+        ECPGfree_struct_member(struct_member_list[struct_level]);
         struct_member_list[struct_level++] = NULL;
         if (struct_level >= STRUCT_DEPTH)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "too many levels in nested structure/union definition");
@@ -965,12 +970,13 @@ struct_union_type_with_symbol: s_struct_union_symbol
         this->name = mm_strdup(su_type.type_str);
         this->brace_level = braces_open;
         this->type = (struct this_type *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct this_type));
+        this->type->type_storage = NULL;
         this->type->type_enum = su_type.type_enum;
         this->type->type_str = mm_strdup(su_type.type_str);
         this->type->type_dimension = mm_strdup("-1");    /* dimension of array */
         this->type->type_index = mm_strdup("-1");    /* length of string */
-        this->type->type_sizeof = ECPGstruct_sizeof;
-        this->struct_member_list = struct_member_list[struct_level];
+        this->type->type_sizeof = ECPGstruct_sizeof ? mm_strdup(ECPGstruct_sizeof) : NULL;
+        this->struct_member_list = ECPGstruct_member_dup(struct_member_list[struct_level]);

         types = this;
         @$ = cat_str(4, su_type.type_str, "{", @4, "}");
@@ -980,6 +986,7 @@ struct_union_type_with_symbol: s_struct_union_symbol
 struct_union_type: struct_union_type_with_symbol
     | s_struct_union
     {
+        ECPGfree_struct_member(struct_member_list[struct_level]);
         struct_member_list[struct_level++] = NULL;
         if (struct_level >= STRUCT_DEPTH)
             mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "too many levels in nested structure/union definition");
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c
index 7f52521dbf..9f6dacd2ae 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.c
@@ -94,13 +94,14 @@ ECPGmake_array_type(struct ECPGtype *type, const char *size)
 }

 struct ECPGtype *
-ECPGmake_struct_type(struct ECPGstruct_member *rm, enum ECPGttype type, char *type_name, char *struct_sizeof)
+ECPGmake_struct_type(struct ECPGstruct_member *rm, enum ECPGttype type,
+                     const char *type_name, const char *struct_sizeof)
 {
     struct ECPGtype *ne = ECPGmake_simple_type(type, "1", 0);

     ne->type_name = mm_strdup(type_name);
     ne->u.members = ECPGstruct_member_dup(rm);
-    ne->struct_sizeof = struct_sizeof;
+    ne->struct_sizeof = mm_strdup(struct_sizeof);

     return ne;
 }
@@ -622,7 +623,7 @@ ECPGfree_struct_member(struct ECPGstruct_member *rm)

         rm = rm->next;
         free(p->name);
-        free(p->type);
+        ECPGfree_type(p->type);
         free(p);
     }
 }
@@ -643,14 +644,13 @@ ECPGfree_type(struct ECPGtype *type)
                     case ECPGt_struct:
                     case ECPGt_union:
                         /* Array of structs. */
-                        ECPGfree_struct_member(type->u.element->u.members);
-                        free(type->u.element);
+                        ECPGfree_type(type->u.element);
                         break;
                     default:
                         if (!IS_SIMPLE_TYPE(type->u.element->type))
                             base_yyerror("internal error: unknown datatype, please report this to <" PACKAGE_BUGREPORT
">");

-                        free(type->u.element);
+                        ECPGfree_type(type->u.element);
                 }
                 break;
             case ECPGt_struct:
@@ -662,6 +662,9 @@ ECPGfree_type(struct ECPGtype *type)
                 break;
         }
     }
+    free(type->type_name);
+    free(type->size);
+    free(type->struct_sizeof);
     free(type);
 }

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.h b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.h
index 90126551d1..3d99e1703d 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/type.h
@@ -38,8 +38,9 @@ void        ECPGmake_struct_member(const char *name, struct ECPGtype *type,
 struct ECPGtype *ECPGmake_simple_type(enum ECPGttype type, const char *size, int counter);
 struct ECPGtype *ECPGmake_array_type(struct ECPGtype *type, const char *size);
 struct ECPGtype *ECPGmake_struct_type(struct ECPGstruct_member *rm,
-                                      enum ECPGttype type, char *type_name,
-                                      char *struct_sizeof);
+                                      enum ECPGttype type,
+                                      const char *type_name,
+                                      const char *struct_sizeof);
 struct ECPGstruct_member *ECPGstruct_member_dup(struct ECPGstruct_member *rm);

 /* Frees a type. */
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c
index 6b87d5ff3d..4831f56cba 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c
@@ -273,7 +273,12 @@ remove_typedefs(int brace_level)
                 prev->next = p->next;

             if (p->type->type_enum == ECPGt_struct || p->type->type_enum == ECPGt_union)
-                free(p->struct_member_list);
+                ECPGfree_struct_member(p->struct_member_list);
+            free(p->type->type_storage);
+            free(p->type->type_str);
+            free(p->type->type_dimension);
+            free(p->type->type_index);
+            free(p->type->type_sizeof);
             free(p->type);
             free(p->name);
             free(p);
--
2.43.5

From 2714a127860cd28c86db9d4c634d37c8981774c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Date: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 14:07:49 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v4 7/9] Make all string-valued tokens returned by pgc.l be
 local storage.

This didn't work earlier in the patch series (I think some of
the strings were ending up in data-type-related structures),
but apparently we're now clean enough for it.  This considerably
reduces process-lifespan memory leakage.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2011420.1713493114@sss.pgh.pa.us
---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c |  4 ++-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/pgc.l    | 42 ++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c
index 78eeb78466..0a14e3714a 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/parser.c
@@ -203,7 +203,9 @@ filtered_base_yylex(void)
                 base_yytext = cur_yytext;

                 /* Combine 3 tokens into 1 */
-                base_yylval.str = psprintf("%s UESCAPE %s", base_yylval.str, escstr);
+                base_yylval.str = make3_str(base_yylval.str,
+                                            " UESCAPE ",
+                                            escstr);
                 base_yylloc = loc_strdup(base_yylval.str);

                 /* Clear have_lookahead, thereby consuming all three tokens */
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/pgc.l b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/pgc.l
index f363a34659..030ce6542d 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/pgc.l
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/pgc.l
@@ -627,26 +627,26 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                         case xb:
                             if (literalbuf[strspn(literalbuf, "01")] != '\0')
                                 mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "invalid bit string literal");
-                            base_yylval.str = psprintf("b'%s'", literalbuf);
+                            base_yylval.str = make3_str("b'", literalbuf, "'");
                             return BCONST;
                         case xh:
                             if (literalbuf[strspn(literalbuf, "0123456789abcdefABCDEF")] != '\0')
                                 mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_ERROR, "invalid hexadecimal string literal");
-                            base_yylval.str = psprintf("x'%s'", literalbuf);
+                            base_yylval.str = make3_str("x'", literalbuf, "'");
                             return XCONST;
                         case xq:
                             /* fallthrough */
                         case xqc:
-                            base_yylval.str = psprintf("'%s'", literalbuf);
+                            base_yylval.str = make3_str("'", literalbuf, "'");
                             return SCONST;
                         case xe:
-                            base_yylval.str = psprintf("E'%s'", literalbuf);
+                            base_yylval.str = make3_str("E'", literalbuf, "'");
                             return SCONST;
                         case xn:
-                            base_yylval.str = psprintf("N'%s'", literalbuf);
+                            base_yylval.str = make3_str("N'", literalbuf, "'");
                             return SCONST;
                         case xus:
-                            base_yylval.str = psprintf("U&'%s'", literalbuf);
+                            base_yylval.str = make3_str("U&'", literalbuf, "'");
                             return USCONST;
                         default:
                             mmfatal(PARSE_ERROR, "unhandled previous state in xqs\n");
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                         free(dolqstart);
                         dolqstart = NULL;
                         BEGIN(SQL);
-                        base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(literalbuf);
+                        base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(literalbuf);
                         return SCONST;
                     }
                     else
@@ -764,12 +764,12 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                      * PREPARE and EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, which can certainly be
                      * longer than NAMEDATALEN.
                      */
-                    base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(literalbuf);
+                    base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(literalbuf);
                     return CSTRING;
                 }
 <xdc>{xdstop}    {
                     BEGIN(state_before_str_start);
-                    base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(literalbuf);
+                    base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(literalbuf);
                     return CSTRING;
                 }
 <xui>{dquote}    {
@@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                      * The backend will truncate the identifier here. We do
                      * not as it does not change the result.
                      */
-                    base_yylval.str = psprintf("U&\"%s\"", literalbuf);
+                    base_yylval.str = make3_str("U&\"", literalbuf, "\"");
                     return UIDENT;
                 }
 <xd,xui>{xddouble} {
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                         }
                     }

-                    base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(yytext);
+                    base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(yytext);
                     return Op;
                 }

@@ -976,7 +976,7 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                 }

 {ip}            {
-                    base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(yytext);
+                    base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(yytext);
                     return IP;
                 }
 }  /* <SQL> */
@@ -989,7 +989,7 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                     return process_integer_literal(yytext, &base_yylval, 16);
                 }
 {numeric}        {
-                    base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(yytext);
+                    base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(yytext);
                     return FCONST;
                 }
 {numericfail}    {
@@ -998,7 +998,7 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                     return process_integer_literal(yytext, &base_yylval, 10);
                 }
 {real}            {
-                    base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(yytext);
+                    base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(yytext);
                     return FCONST;
                 }
 {realfail}        {
@@ -1043,7 +1043,7 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                 }

 :{identifier}((("->"|\.){identifier})|(\[{array}\]))*    {
-                    base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(yytext + 1);
+                    base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(yytext + 1);
                     return CVARIABLE;
                 }

@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                          * to do so; that's just another way that ecpg could
                          * get out of step with the backend.
                          */
-                        base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(yytext);
+                        base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(yytext);
                         return IDENT;
                     }
                 }
@@ -1119,7 +1119,7 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(yytext);
+                        base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(yytext);
                         return CPP_LINE;
                     }
                 }
@@ -1131,12 +1131,12 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(yytext);
+                        base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(yytext);
                         return CPP_LINE;
                     }
                 }
 <C,SQL>{cppline} {
-                    base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(yytext);
+                    base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(yytext);
                     return CPP_LINE;
                 }
 <C>{identifier}    {
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ cppline            {space}*#([^i][A-Za-z]*|{if}|{ifdef}|{ifndef}|{import})((\/\*[^*/]*\*+
                             return kwvalue;
                         else
                         {
-                            base_yylval.str = mm_strdup(yytext);
+                            base_yylval.str = loc_strdup(yytext);
                             return IDENT;
                         }
                     }
@@ -1680,7 +1680,7 @@ process_integer_literal(const char *token, YYSTYPE *lval, int base)
     if (*endptr != '\0' || errno == ERANGE)
     {
         /* integer too large (or contains decimal pt), treat it as a float */
-        lval->str = mm_strdup(token);
+        lval->str = loc_strdup(token);
         return FCONST;
     }
     lval->ival = val;
--
2.43.5

From 9ab698232d26c76930d0d96aa5bfcbecd94b8b84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Date: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 15:30:31 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v4 8/9] Clean up some other assorted ecpg memory leaks.

Avoid leaking the prior value when updating the "connection"
state variable.

Ditto for ECPGstruct_sizeof.  (It seems like this one ought to
be statement-local, but testing says it isn't, and I didn't
feel like diving deeper.)

The actual_type[] entries are statement-local, though, so
no need to mm_strdup() strings stored in them.

Likewise, sqlda variables are statement-local, so we can
loc_alloc them.

Also clean up sloppiness around management of the argsinsert and
argsresult lists.

progname changes are strictly to prevent valgrind from complaining
about leaked allocations.

With this, valgrind reports zero leakage in ecpg for all of our
ecpg regression test cases.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2011420.1713493114@sss.pgh.pa.us
---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/descriptor.c | 14 +++++--
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons  | 47 +++++++++---------------
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.c       |  2 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header  | 17 ++++++++-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer | 31 +++++++++-------
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c     |  3 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c   | 25 +++++++++++--
 7 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/descriptor.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/descriptor.c
index 9b87d07d09..e8c7016bdc 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/descriptor.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/descriptor.c
@@ -344,11 +344,17 @@ descriptor_variable(const char *name, int input)
 struct variable *
 sqlda_variable(const char *name)
 {
-    struct variable *p = (struct variable *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct variable));
-
-    p->name = mm_strdup(name);
-    p->type = (struct ECPGtype *) mm_alloc(sizeof(struct ECPGtype));
+    /*
+     * Presently, sqlda variables are only needed for the duration of the
+     * current statement.  Rather than add infrastructure to manage them,
+     * let's just loc_alloc them.
+     */
+    struct variable *p = (struct variable *) loc_alloc(sizeof(struct variable));
+
+    p->name = loc_strdup(name);
+    p->type = (struct ECPGtype *) loc_alloc(sizeof(struct ECPGtype));
     p->type->type = ECPGt_sqlda;
+    p->type->type_name = NULL;
     p->type->size = NULL;
     p->type->struct_sizeof = NULL;
     p->type->u.element = NULL;
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
index 9c120fead2..05de4ff1f1 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.addons
@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule

         fprintf(base_yyout, "{ ECPGdescribe(__LINE__, %d, %d, %s, %s,", compat, $1.input, connection ? connection :
"NULL",$1.stmt_name); 
         dump_variables(argsresult, 1);
+        argsresult = NULL;
         fputs("ECPGt_EORT);", base_yyout);
         fprintf(base_yyout, "}");
         output_line_number();
@@ -181,6 +182,7 @@ ECPG: stmtViewStmt rule

         if ((ptr = add_additional_variables(@1, true)) != NULL)
         {
+            free(connection);
             connection = ptr->connection ? mm_strdup(ptr->connection) : NULL;
             output_statement(ptr->command, 0, ECPGst_normal);
             ptr->opened = true;
@@ -247,15 +249,13 @@ ECPG: var_valueNumericOnly addon
 ECPG: fetch_argscursor_name addon
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@1, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);
         if (@1[0] == ':')
             @$ = "$0";
 ECPG: fetch_argsfrom_incursor_name addon
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@2, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);
         if (@2[0] == ':')
             @$ = cat2_str(@1, "$0");
 ECPG: fetch_argsNEXTopt_from_incursor_name addon
@@ -265,16 +265,14 @@ ECPG: fetch_argsLAST_Popt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsALLopt_from_incursor_name addon
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);
         if (@3[0] == ':')
             @$ = cat_str(3, @1, @2, "$0");
 ECPG: fetch_argsSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);
         bool    replace = false;

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);
         if (@3[0] == ':')
         {
             @3 = "$0";
@@ -291,8 +289,7 @@ ECPG: fetch_argsFORWARDALLopt_from_incursor_name addon
 ECPG: fetch_argsBACKWARDALLopt_from_incursor_name addon
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);
         if (@4[0] == ':')
             @$ = cat_str(4, @1, @2, @3, "$0");
 ECPG: fetch_argsABSOLUTE_PSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
@@ -302,8 +299,7 @@ ECPG: fetch_argsBACKWARDSignedIconstopt_from_incursor_name addon
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);
         bool    replace = false;

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);
         if (@4[0] == ':')
         {
             @4 = "$0";
@@ -412,8 +408,7 @@ ECPG: ClosePortalStmtCLOSEcursor_name block
         {
             if (strcmp(@2, ptr->name) == 0)
             {
-                if (ptr->connection)
-                    connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+                update_connection(ptr->connection);
                 break;
             }
         }
@@ -483,8 +478,7 @@ ECPG: FetchStmtMOVEfetch_args rule
         const char *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @3;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);

         @$ = cat_str(2, "fetch forward", cursor_marker);
     }
@@ -493,8 +487,7 @@ ECPG: FetchStmtMOVEfetch_args rule
         const char *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @4;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);

         @$ = cat_str(2, "fetch forward from", cursor_marker);
     }
@@ -503,8 +496,7 @@ ECPG: FetchStmtMOVEfetch_args rule
         const char *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @3;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);

         @$ = cat_str(2, "fetch backward", cursor_marker);
     }
@@ -513,8 +505,7 @@ ECPG: FetchStmtMOVEfetch_args rule
         const char *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @4;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);

         @$ = cat_str(2, "fetch backward from", cursor_marker);
     }
@@ -523,8 +514,7 @@ ECPG: FetchStmtMOVEfetch_args rule
         const char *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @3;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);

         @$ = cat_str(2, "move forward", cursor_marker);
     }
@@ -533,8 +523,7 @@ ECPG: FetchStmtMOVEfetch_args rule
         const char *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @4;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);

         @$ = cat_str(2, "move forward from", cursor_marker);
     }
@@ -543,8 +532,7 @@ ECPG: FetchStmtMOVEfetch_args rule
         const char *cursor_marker = @3[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @3;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@3, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);

         @$ = cat_str(2, "move backward", cursor_marker);
     }
@@ -553,8 +541,7 @@ ECPG: FetchStmtMOVEfetch_args rule
         const char *cursor_marker = @4[0] == ':' ? "$0" : @4;
         struct cursor *ptr = add_additional_variables(@4, false);

-        if (ptr->connection)
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+        update_connection(ptr->connection);

         @$ = cat_str(2, "move backward from", cursor_marker);
     }
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.c
index 73c37631ac..aba5482404 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ bool        autocommit = false,
             regression_mode = false,
             auto_prepare = false;

+const char *progname;
 char       *output_filename;

 enum COMPAT_MODE compat = ECPG_COMPAT_PGSQL;
@@ -139,7 +140,6 @@ main(int argc, char *const argv[])
     bool        verbose = false,
                 header_mode = false;
     struct _include_path *ip;
-    const char *progname;
     char        my_exec_path[MAXPGPATH];
     char        include_path[MAXPGPATH];

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
index d54eca918d..a9a0ef9847 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.header
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ struct variable no_indicator = {"no_indicator", &ecpg_no_indicator, 0, NULL};
 static struct ECPGtype ecpg_query = {ECPGt_char_variable, NULL, NULL, NULL, {NULL}, 0};

 static bool check_declared_list(const char *name);
+static void update_connection(const char *newconn);


 /*
@@ -545,12 +546,26 @@ check_declared_list(const char *name)
         {
             if (connection && strcmp(ptr->connection, connection) != 0)
                 mmerror(PARSE_ERROR, ET_WARNING, "connection %s is overwritten with %s by DECLARE statement %s",
connection,ptr->connection, name); 
-            connection = mm_strdup(ptr->connection);
+            update_connection(ptr->connection);
             return true;
         }
     }
     return false;
 }
+
+/*
+ * If newconn isn't NULL, update the global "connection" variable to that;
+ * otherwise do nothing.
+ */
+static void
+update_connection(const char *newconn)
+{
+    if (newconn)
+    {
+        free(connection);
+        connection = mm_strdup(newconn);
+    }
+}
 %}

 %expect 0
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
index ea0550517e..912b3c7585 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/ecpg.trailer
@@ -74,6 +74,8 @@ CreateAsStmt: CREATE OptTemp TABLE create_as_target AS

 at: AT connection_object
     {
+        if (connection)
+            free(connection);
         connection = mm_strdup(@2);

         /*
@@ -556,13 +558,12 @@ type_declaration: S_TYPEDEF
 var_declaration:
     storage_declaration var_type
     {
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_storage = mm_strdup(@1);
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_storage = loc_strdup(@1);
         actual_type[struct_level].type_enum = $2.type_enum;
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_str = mm_strdup($2.type_str);
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension = mm_strdup($2.type_dimension);
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_index = mm_strdup($2.type_index);
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_sizeof =
-            $2.type_sizeof ? mm_strdup($2.type_sizeof) : NULL;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_str = $2.type_str;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension = $2.type_dimension;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_index = $2.type_index;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_sizeof = $2.type_sizeof;

         actual_startline[struct_level] = hashline_number();
     }
@@ -572,13 +573,12 @@ var_declaration:
     }
     | var_type
     {
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_storage = mm_strdup("");
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_storage = loc_strdup("");
         actual_type[struct_level].type_enum = $1.type_enum;
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_str = mm_strdup($1.type_str);
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension = mm_strdup($1.type_dimension);
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_index = mm_strdup($1.type_index);
-        actual_type[struct_level].type_sizeof =
-            $1.type_sizeof ? mm_strdup($1.type_sizeof) : NULL;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_str = $1.type_str;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_dimension = $1.type_dimension;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_index = $1.type_index;
+        actual_type[struct_level].type_sizeof = $1.type_sizeof;

         actual_startline[struct_level] = hashline_number();
     }
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ var_type: simple_type
             /* Otherwise, it must be a user-defined typedef name */
             struct typedefs *this = get_typedef(@1, false);

-            $$.type_str = (this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_varchar || this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_bytea) ?
mm_strdup(""): mm_strdup(this->name); 
+            $$.type_str = (this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_varchar || this->type->type_enum == ECPGt_bytea) ? "" :
this->name;
             $$.type_enum = this->type->type_enum;
             $$.type_dimension = this->type->type_dimension;
             $$.type_index = this->type->type_index;
@@ -1004,6 +1004,7 @@ s_struct_union_symbol: SQL_STRUCT symbol
     {
         $$.su = "struct";
         $$.symbol = @2;
+        free(ECPGstruct_sizeof);
         ECPGstruct_sizeof = mm_strdup(cat_str(3, "sizeof(",
                                               cat2_str($$.su, $$.symbol),
                                               ")"));
@@ -1017,6 +1018,7 @@ s_struct_union_symbol: SQL_STRUCT symbol

 s_struct_union: SQL_STRUCT
     {
+        free(ECPGstruct_sizeof);
         ECPGstruct_sizeof = mm_strdup("");    /* This must not be NULL to
                                              * distinguish from simple types. */
         @$ = "struct";
@@ -1696,18 +1698,21 @@ ECPGVar: SQL_VAR
 ECPGWhenever: SQL_WHENEVER SQL_SQLERROR action
     {
         when_error.code = $3.code;
+        free(when_error.command);
         when_error.command = $3.command ? mm_strdup($3.command) : NULL;
         @$ = cat_str(3, "/* exec sql whenever sqlerror ", $3.str, "; */");
     }
     | SQL_WHENEVER NOT SQL_FOUND action
     {
         when_nf.code = $4.code;
+        free(when_nf.command);
         when_nf.command = $4.command ? mm_strdup($4.command) : NULL;
         @$ = cat_str(3, "/* exec sql whenever not found ", $4.str, "; */");
     }
     | SQL_WHENEVER SQL_SQLWARNING action
     {
         when_warn.code = $3.code;
+        free(when_warn.command);
         when_warn.command = $3.command ? mm_strdup($3.command) : NULL;
         @$ = cat_str(3, "/* exec sql whenever sql_warning ", $3.str, "; */");
     }
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c
index a18904f88b..b190e9f0ce 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/output.c
@@ -155,10 +155,11 @@ output_statement(const char *stmt, int whenever_mode, enum ECPG_statement_type s

     /* dump variables to C file */
     dump_variables(argsinsert, 1);
+    argsinsert = NULL;
     fputs("ECPGt_EOIT, ", base_yyout);
     dump_variables(argsresult, 1);
+    argsresult = NULL;
     fputs("ECPGt_EORT);", base_yyout);
-    reset_variables();

     whenever_action(whenever_mode | 2);
 }
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c
index 4831f56cba..8a2d0414ae 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/variable.c
@@ -311,10 +311,12 @@ remove_variables(int brace_level)
             for (ptr = cur; ptr != NULL; ptr = ptr->next)
             {
                 struct arguments *varptr,
-                           *prevvar;
+                           *prevvar,
+                           *nextvar;

-                for (varptr = prevvar = ptr->argsinsert; varptr != NULL; varptr = varptr->next)
+                for (varptr = prevvar = ptr->argsinsert; varptr != NULL; varptr = nextvar)
                 {
+                    nextvar = varptr->next;
                     if (p == varptr->variable)
                     {
                         /* remove from list */
@@ -322,10 +324,12 @@ remove_variables(int brace_level)
                             ptr->argsinsert = varptr->next;
                         else
                             prevvar->next = varptr->next;
+                        free(varptr);
                     }
                 }
-                for (varptr = prevvar = ptr->argsresult; varptr != NULL; varptr = varptr->next)
+                for (varptr = prevvar = ptr->argsresult; varptr != NULL; varptr = nextvar)
                 {
+                    nextvar = varptr->next;
                     if (p == varptr->variable)
                     {
                         /* remove from list */
@@ -333,6 +337,7 @@ remove_variables(int brace_level)
                             ptr->argsresult = varptr->next;
                         else
                             prevvar->next = varptr->next;
+                        free(varptr);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -372,7 +377,20 @@ struct arguments *argsresult = NULL;
 void
 reset_variables(void)
 {
+    struct arguments *p,
+               *next;
+
+    for (p = argsinsert; p; p = next)
+    {
+        next = p->next;
+        free(p);
+    }
     argsinsert = NULL;
+    for (p = argsresult; p; p = next)
+    {
+        next = p->next;
+        free(p);
+    }
     argsresult = NULL;
 }

@@ -431,6 +449,7 @@ remove_variable_from_list(struct arguments **list, struct variable *var)
             prev->next = p->next;
         else
             *list = p->next;
+        free(p);
     }
 }

--
2.43.5

From 5b2243425d2eb199d94188ce20db337f6586c482 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tom Lane <tgl@sss.pgh.pa.us>
Date: Thu, 15 Aug 2024 15:33:24 -0400
Subject: [PATCH v4 9/9] Remove ecpg's check_rules.pl.

As noted in a previous commit, check_rules.pl is now entirely
redundant with checks made by parse.pl, or would be if it weren't
for the places where it's wrong.  It's a waste of build cycles
and maintenance effort, so remove it.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2011420.1713493114@sss.pgh.pa.us
---
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/Makefile       |   3 +-
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/check_rules.pl | 202 ---------------------
 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/meson.build    |  15 --
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 219 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/check_rules.pl

diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/Makefile b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/Makefile
index 7866037cbb..4f403da935 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/Makefile
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/Makefile
@@ -65,8 +65,7 @@ preproc.h: preproc.c

 preproc.c: BISONFLAGS += -d

-preproc.y: ../../../backend/parser/gram.y parse.pl check_rules.pl ecpg.addons ecpg.header ecpg.tokens ecpg.trailer
ecpg.type
-    $(PERL) $(srcdir)/check_rules.pl --srcdir $(srcdir) --parser $<
+preproc.y: ../../../backend/parser/gram.y parse.pl ecpg.addons ecpg.header ecpg.tokens ecpg.trailer ecpg.type
     $(PERL) $(srcdir)/parse.pl --srcdir $(srcdir) --parser $< --output $@

 # generate keyword headers
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/check_rules.pl b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/check_rules.pl
deleted file mode 100644
index 1ee1aed2f6..0000000000
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/check_rules.pl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/perl
-# src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/check_rules.pl
-# test parser generator for ecpg
-# call with backend grammar as stdin
-#
-# Copyright (c) 2009-2024, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
-#
-# Written by Michael Meskes <meskes@postgresql.org>
-#            Andy Colson <andy@squeakycode.net>
-#
-# Placed under the same license as PostgreSQL.
-#
-# Command line:  [-v] [path only to ecpg.addons] [full filename of gram.y]
-#  -v enables verbose mode... show's some stats... thought it might be interesting
-#
-# This script loads rule names from gram.y and sets $found{rule} = 1 for each.
-# Then it checks to make sure each rule in ecpg.addons was found in gram.y
-
-use strict;
-use warnings FATAL => 'all';
-use Getopt::Long;
-
-my $srcdir = '.';
-my $parser = '../../../backend/parser/gram.y';
-my $stamp = '';
-my $verbose = 0;
-
-GetOptions(
-    'srcdir=s' => \$srcdir,
-    'parser=s' => \$parser,
-    'stamp=s' => \$stamp,
-    'verbose' => \$verbose,) or die "wrong arguments";
-
-my $filename = "$srcdir/ecpg.addons";
-if ($verbose)
-{
-    print "parser: $parser\n";
-    print "addons: $filename\n";
-}
-
-my %replace_line = (
-    'ExecuteStmtEXECUTEnameexecute_param_clause' =>
-      'EXECUTE prepared_name execute_param_clause execute_rest',
-
-    'ExecuteStmtCREATEOptTempTABLEcreate_as_targetASEXECUTEnameexecute_param_clauseopt_with_data'
-      => 'CREATE OptTemp TABLE create_as_target AS EXECUTE prepared_name execute_param_clause opt_with_data
execute_rest',
-
-    'ExecuteStmtCREATEOptTempTABLEIF_PNOTEXISTScreate_as_targetASEXECUTEnameexecute_param_clauseopt_with_data'
-      => 'CREATE OptTemp TABLE IF_P NOT EXISTS create_as_target AS EXECUTE prepared_name execute_param_clause
opt_with_dataexecute_rest', 
-
-    'PrepareStmtPREPAREnameprep_type_clauseASPreparableStmt' =>
-      'PREPARE prepared_name prep_type_clause AS PreparableStmt');
-
-my $block = '';
-my $yaccmode = 0;
-my $in_rule = 0;
-my $brace_indent = 0;
-my (@arr, %found);
-my $comment = 0;
-my $non_term_id = '';
-my $cc = 0;
-
-open my $parser_fh, '<', $parser or die $!;
-while (<$parser_fh>)
-{
-    if (/^%%/)
-    {
-        $yaccmode++;
-    }
-
-    if ($yaccmode != 1)
-    {
-        next;
-    }
-
-    chomp;    # strip record separator
-
-    next if ($_ eq '');
-
-    # Make sure any braces are split
-    s/{/ { /g;
-    s/}/ } /g;
-
-    # Any comments are split
-    s|\/\*| /* |g;
-    s|\*\/| */ |g;
-
-    # Now split the line into individual fields
-    my $n = (@arr = split(' '));
-
-    # Go through each field in turn
-    for (my $fieldIndexer = 0; $fieldIndexer < $n; $fieldIndexer++)
-    {
-        if ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '*/' && $comment)
-        {
-            $comment = 0;
-            next;
-        }
-        elsif ($comment)
-        {
-            next;
-        }
-        elsif ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '/*')
-        {
-
-            # start of a multiline comment
-            $comment = 1;
-            next;
-        }
-        elsif ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '//')
-        {
-            next;
-        }
-        elsif ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '}')
-        {
-            $brace_indent--;
-            next;
-        }
-        elsif ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '{')
-        {
-            $brace_indent++;
-            next;
-        }
-
-        if ($brace_indent > 0)
-        {
-            next;
-        }
-
-        if ($arr[$fieldIndexer] eq ';' || $arr[$fieldIndexer] eq '|')
-        {
-            $block = $non_term_id . $block;
-            if ($replace_line{$block})
-            {
-                $block = $non_term_id . $replace_line{$block};
-                $block =~ tr/ |//d;
-            }
-            $found{$block} = 1;
-            $cc++;
-            $block = '';
-            $in_rule = 0 if $arr[$fieldIndexer] eq ';';
-        }
-        elsif (
-            ($arr[$fieldIndexer] =~ '[A-Za-z0-9]+:')
-            || (   $fieldIndexer + 1 < $n
-                && $arr[ $fieldIndexer + 1 ] eq ':'))
-        {
-            die "unterminated rule at grammar line $.\n"
-              if $in_rule;
-            $in_rule = 1;
-            $non_term_id = $arr[$fieldIndexer];
-            $non_term_id =~ tr/://d;
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            $block = $block . $arr[$fieldIndexer];
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-die "unterminated rule at end of grammar\n"
-  if $in_rule;
-
-close $parser_fh;
-if ($verbose)
-{
-    print "$cc rules loaded\n";
-}
-
-my $ret = 0;
-$cc = 0;
-
-open my $ecpg_fh, '<', $filename or die $!;
-while (<$ecpg_fh>)
-{
-    if (!/^ECPG:/)
-    {
-        next;
-    }
-
-    my @Fld = split(' ', $_, 3);
-    $cc++;
-    if (not exists $found{ $Fld[1] })
-    {
-        print $Fld[1], " is not used for building parser!\n";
-        $ret = 1;
-    }
-}
-close $ecpg_fh;
-
-if ($verbose)
-{
-    print "$cc rules checked\n";
-}
-
-if ($stamp)
-{
-    open my $stampfh, '>', $stamp or die $!;
-    close $stampfh;
-}
-
-exit $ret;
diff --git a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/meson.build b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/meson.build
index f680e5d59e..2fb1402c70 100644
--- a/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/meson.build
+++ b/src/interfaces/ecpg/preproc/meson.build
@@ -45,20 +45,6 @@ preproc_y = custom_target('preproc.y',
 )
 generated_sources += preproc_y

-check_rules = custom_target('preproc.y.check_rules',
-  input: [
-    '../../../backend/parser/gram.y',
-    ecpg_files,
-  ],
-  output: 'preproc.y.check_rules',
-  command: [
-    perl, files('check_rules.pl'),
-    '--srcdir', '@CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR@',
-    '--parser', '@INPUT0@',
-    '--stamp', '@OUTPUT0@',
-  ],
-)
-
 preproc = custom_target('preproc.c',
   input: preproc_y,
   kwargs: bison_kw,
@@ -69,7 +55,6 @@ ecpg_sources += preproc
 c_kwlist = custom_target('c_kwlist_d.h',
   input: ['c_kwlist.h'],
   output: ['c_kwlist_d.h'],
-  depends: check_rules,
   depend_files: gen_kwlist_deps,
   command: [gen_kwlist_cmd, '--varname', 'ScanCKeywords', '--no-case-fold'],
 )
--
2.43.5


pgsql-hackers by date:

Previous
From: Bruce Momjian
Date:
Subject: Re: Partial aggregates pushdown
Next
From: Robert Haas
Date:
Subject: Re: Make query cancellation keys longer