Thread: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
The behavior of external sorts that do not require any merge step due to only having one run (what EXPLAIN ANALYZE output shows as an "external sort", and not a "merge sort") seems like an area that can be significantly improved upon. As noted in code comments, this optimization did not appear in The Art of Computer Programming, Volume III. It's not an unreasonable idea, but it doesn't work well on modern machines due to using heapsort, which is known to use the cache ineffectively. It also often implies significant additional I/O for little or no benefit. I suspect that all the reports we've heard of smaller work_mem sizes improving sort performance are actually down to this one-run optimization *hurting* performance. The existing optimization for this case tries to benefit from avoiding a final N-way merge step; that's what it's all about (this is not to be confused with the other reason why a sort can end in TSS_SORTEDONTAPE -- because random tape access is required, and an *on-the-fly* TSS_FINALMERGE merge step cannot happen. Currently, TSS_SORTEDONTAPE is sometimes the "fast" case and sometimes the slow case taken only because the caller specified randomAccess, and I'm improving on only the "fast" case [1], where the caller may or may not have requested randomAccess. I require that they specify !randomAccess to use my improved optimization, though, and I'm not trying to avoid a merge step.) The existing optimization just dumps all tuples in the memtuples array (which is a heap at that point) to tape, from the top of the heap, writing a tuple out at a time, maintaining the heap invariant throughout. Then, with the memtuples array emptied, tuples are fetched from tape/disk for client code, without any merge step occurring on-the-fly (or at all). Patch -- "quicksort with spillover" ========================= With the attached patch, I propose to add an additional, better "one run special case" optimization. This new special case "splits" the single run into 2 "subruns". One of the runs is comprised of whatever tuples were in memory when the caller finished passing tuples to tuplesort. To sort that, we use quicksort, which in general has various properties that make it much faster than heapsort -- it's a cache oblivious algorithm, which is important these days. The other "subrun" is whatever tuples were on-tape when tuplesort_performsort() was called. This will often be a minority of the total, but certainly never much more than half. This is already sorted when tuplesort_performsort() is reached. This spillover is already inserted at the front of the sorted-on-tape tuples, and so already has reasonably good cache characteristics. With the patch, we perform an on-the-fly merge that is somewhat similar to the existing (unaffected) "merge sort" TSS_FINALMERGE case, except that one of the runs is in memory, and is potentially much larger than the on-tape/disk run (but never much smaller), and is quicksorted. The existing "merge sort" case similarly is only used when the caller specified !randomAccess. For subtle reasons, the new TSS_MEMTAPEMERGE case will happen significantly more frequently than the existing, comparable TSS_SORTEDONTAPE case currently happens (this applies to !randomAccess callers only, of course). See comments added to tuplesort_performsort(), and the commit message for the details. Note that the existing, comparable case was relocated to tuplesort_performsort(), to highlight that it is now a fallback for the new TSS_MEMTAPEMERGE case (also in tuplesort_performsort()). Performance ========== This new approach can be much faster. For example: select setseed(1); -- 10 million tuple table with low cardinality integer column to sort: create unlogged table low_cardinality_int4 as select (random() * 1000)::int4 s, 'abcdefghijlmn'::text junk from generate_series(1, 10000000); set work_mem = '225MB'; -- test query: select count(distinct(s)) from low_cardinality_int4; count ------- 1001 (1 row) On my laptop, a patched Postgres takes about 4.2 seconds to execute this query. Master takes about 16 seconds. The patch sees this case quicksort 9,830,398 tuples out of a total of 10 million with this 225MB work_mem setting. This is chosen to be a sympathetic case, but it is still quite realistic. We should look at a much less sympathetic case, too. Even when the in-memory "subrun" is about as small as it can be while still having this new special case optimization occur at all, the patch still ends up pretty far ahead of the master branch. With work_mem at 100MB, 4,369,064 tuples are quicksorted by the patch when the above query is executed, which is less than half of the total (10 million). Execution with the patch now takes about 10.2 seconds. Master is about 14.7 seconds with the same work_mem setting (yes, master gets faster as the patch gets slower as work_mem is reduced...but they never come close to meeting). That's still a fairly decent improvement, and it occurs when we're on the verge of not using the optimization at all. Most users that really care about performance will at least have enough memory to benefit from this optimization when building an index on a large table, because the patch roughly halves the amount of memory you need to get at least some of the benefit of an internal sort. Performance regressions ---------------------------------- I have been unable to find any regressions in the performance of queries with the patch. If you're looking for a query that might have been regressed, I suggest coming up with a case involving a sort with pass-by-reference types that are expensive. For example, sorting a tuple on many low cardinality text attributes. Only the most extreme such cases seem likely to be regressed, though, because heapsort also has bad temporal locality. My strcoll() result caching patch [2] tries to take advantage of temporal locality rather than spatial locality, which works well with quicksort and mergesort. Memory use ----------------- The new TSS_MEMTAPEMERGE case uses no more memory than the existing "TSS_SORTEDONTAPE due to one run" optimization (actually, it uses very slightly less) if we only worry about the high-water mark. In both cases the high-water mark comes as the work_mem limit is reached. Typically, most memory isn't released until the sort is shut down. Because we're not dumping all tuples here (only as many as we need to dump to stay within our memory budget), we're also not freeing memory for each and every "tuple proper" as each and every SortTuple is written out (because we usually avoid writing out most tuples, which is an important goal of the patch). Although the memtuples array itself is often tuplesort's dominant consumer of work_mem, it's still possible that the aggregate effect of this patch on some workload's memory consumption is that more memory is used. I doubt it, though; the overall effect on memory usage will probably always be to reduce it. Finishing a sort sooner allows us to make memory available for other operations sooner. Besides, we have broken no promise to the caller wrt memory use. Predictability ========== The patch alters the performance characteristics of tuplesort, but very much for the better. With the patch, as less memory is gradually made available for sorting, performance tends to also degrade gradually, because we more or less have an algorithm that's a kind of hybrid internal/external sort, that, roughly speaking, blends from the former to the latter based on the availability of memory. It's particularly useful that performance doesn't fall off a cliff when we can no longer fit everything in memory because work_mem is slightly too small. The "almost internal" query from my example above takes about 4.2 seconds. An equivalent internal sort (quicksort) takes about 3.5 seconds, which is pretty close (~98% of tuples are quicksorted for the "almost internal" case, but heapification is a price we must pay to spill even one tuple). Furthermore, as work_mem is decreased to the point that even the optimization is no longer used -- when a traditional "merge sort"/TSS_FINALMERGE is used, instead -- there is also no big drop. *Predictable* performance characteristics are a big asset. Decreasing work_mem by 10% (or a moderate increase in the size of a table) should not make the performance of reporting queries tank. Concerns about worst case performance (e.g. particular queries suddenly taking much longer to execute) have certainly prevented me from decreasing work_mem from within postgresql.conf in the past, even though I was fairly confident that it made sense for the average case. Open Items ========= There are a few smaller open items indicated by "XXX" comments. There is a little overlap with this patch, and a couple of others that are in the queue that also affect sorting. For example, I'm considerate of cases that don't exist yet. Future work ========= In the future, we should think about optimization of the "merge sort"/TSS_FINALMERGE case, which should be made to sort *every* run using quicksort (the devil in the details there, but in general I think that runs should be quicksorted wherever possible). For now, what I came up with seems like a relatively simple approach that offers much of the benefit of that more comprehensive project, since the need to do a "merge sort" is increasingly rare due to the enormous main memory sizes that are affordable these days. Of course, Noah's excellent work on huge repalloc() also contributes to our being able to put large amounts of memory to good use when sorting. Since heapification is now a big fraction of the total cost of a sort sometimes, even where the heap invariant need not be maintained for any length of time afterwards, it might be worth revisiting the patch to make that an O(n) rather than a O(log n) operation [3]. Not sure about that, but someone should probably look into it. Jeremy Harris is CC'd here; perhaps he will consider picking that work up once more in light of this development. It would be nice to get a sort that quicksorts 99% of all tuples even closer to a conventional internal sort. [1] Seems bogus to me that EXPLAIN ANALYZE shows state TSS_SORTEDONTAPE as "external sort" rather than a "merge sort", regardless of whether or not a merge step was actually required (that is, regardless of whether or not state ended up TSS_SORTEDONTAPE due to using the existing "single run" optimization, or because caller required randomAccess) [2] https://commitfest.postgresql.org/6/294/ [3] http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/52F16843.8080001@wizmail.org -- Peter Geoghegan
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Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Heikki Linnakangas
Date:
On 07/30/2015 04:05 AM, Peter Geoghegan wrote: > Patch -- "quicksort with spillover" > ========================= > > With the attached patch, I propose to add an additional, better "one > run special case" optimization. This new special case "splits" the > single run into 2 "subruns". One of the runs is comprised of whatever > tuples were in memory when the caller finished passing tuples to > tuplesort. To sort that, we use quicksort, which in general has > various properties that make it much faster than heapsort -- it's a > cache oblivious algorithm, which is important these days. The other > "subrun" is whatever tuples were on-tape when tuplesort_performsort() > was called. This will often be a minority of the total, but certainly > never much more than half. This is already sorted when > tuplesort_performsort() is reached. This spillover is already inserted > at the front of the sorted-on-tape tuples, and so already has > reasonably good cache characteristics. > > With the patch, we perform an on-the-fly merge that is somewhat > similar to the existing (unaffected) "merge sort" TSS_FINALMERGE case, > except that one of the runs is in memory, and is potentially much > larger than the on-tape/disk run (but never much smaller), and is > quicksorted. The existing "merge sort" case similarly is only used > when the caller specified !randomAccess. Hmm. You don't really need to merge the in-memory array into the tape, as you know that all the tuples in the in-memory must come after the tuples already on the tape. You can just return all the tuples from the tape first, and then all the tuples from the array. So here's a shorter/different explanation of this optimization: When it's time to perform the sort, instead of draining the in-memory heap one tuple at a time to the last tape, you sort the heap with quicksort, and pretend that the sorted heap belongs to the last tape, after all the other tuples in the tape. Some questions/thoughts on that: Isn't that optimization applicable even when you have multiple runs? Quicksorting the heap and keeping it as an array in memory is surely always faster than heapsorting and pushing it to the tape. I think it'd make sense to structure the code differently, to match the way I described this optimization above. Instead of adding a new tuplesort state for this, abstract this in the logical tape code. Add a function to attach an in-memory "tail" to a tape, and have LogicalTapeRead() read from the tail after reading the on-disk tape. The rest of the code wouldn't need to care that sometimes part of the tape is actually in memory. It should be pretty easy to support randomAccess too. If you think of the in-memory heap as a tail of the last tape, you can easily move backwards from the in-memory heap back to the on-disk tape, too. > + * Note that there might actually be 2 runs, but only the > + * contents of one of them went to tape, and so we can > + * safely "pretend" that there is only 1 run (since we're > + * about to give up on the idea of the memtuples array being > + * a heap). This means that if our sort happened to require > + * random access, the similar "single run" optimization > + * below (which sets TSS_SORTEDONTAPE) might not be used at > + * all. This is because dumping all tuples out might have > + * forced an otherwise equivalent randomAccess case to > + * acknowledge a second run, which we can avoid. Is that really true? We don't start a second run until we have to, i.e. when it's time to dump the first tuple of the second run to tape. So I don't think the case you describe above, where you have two runs but only one of them has tuples on disk, can actually happen. > Performance > ========== Impressive! > Predictability > ========== Even more impressive! > Future work > ========= As an extra optimization, you could delay quicksorting the in-memory array until it's time to read the first tuple from it. If the caller reads only the top-N tuples from the sort for some reason (other than LIMIT, which we already optimize for), that could avoid a lot of work. - Heikki
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Simon Riggs
Date:
On 30 July 2015 at 08:00, Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> wrote:
--
Hmm. You don't really need to merge the in-memory array into the tape, as you know that all the tuples in the in-memory must come after the tuples already on the tape. You can just return all the tuples from the tape first, and then all the tuples from the array.
Agreed
This is a good optimization for the common case where tuples are mostly already in order. We could increase the usefulness of this by making UPDATE pick blocks that are close to a tuple's original block, rather than putting them near the end of a relation.
So here's a shorter/different explanation of this optimization: When it's time to perform the sort, instead of draining the in-memory heap one tuple at a time to the last tape, you sort the heap with quicksort, and pretend that the sorted heap belongs to the last tape, after all the other tuples in the tape.
Some questions/thoughts on that:
Isn't that optimization applicable even when you have multiple runs? Quicksorting the heap and keeping it as an array in memory is surely always faster than heapsorting and pushing it to the tape.
It's about use of memory. If you have multiple runs on tape, then they will need to be merged and you need memory to do that efficiently. If there are tuples in the last batch still in memory then it can work, but it depends upon how full memory is from the last batch and how many batches there are.
Simon Riggs http://www.2ndQuadrant.com/
PostgreSQL Development, 24x7 Support, Remote DBA, Training & Services
PostgreSQL Development, 24x7 Support, Remote DBA, Training & Services
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Heikki Linnakangas
Date:
On 07/30/2015 01:47 PM, Simon Riggs wrote: > On 30 July 2015 at 08:00, Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> wrote: >> So here's a shorter/different explanation of this optimization: When it's >> time to perform the sort, instead of draining the in-memory heap one tuple >> at a time to the last tape, you sort the heap with quicksort, and pretend >> that the sorted heap belongs to the last tape, after all the other tuples >> in the tape. >> >> Some questions/thoughts on that: >> >> Isn't that optimization applicable even when you have multiple runs? >> Quicksorting the heap and keeping it as an array in memory is surely always >> faster than heapsorting and pushing it to the tape. > > It's about use of memory. If you have multiple runs on tape, then they will > need to be merged and you need memory to do that efficiently. If there are > tuples in the last batch still in memory then it can work, but it depends > upon how full memory is from the last batch and how many batches there are. True, you need a heap to hold the next tuple from each tape in the merge step. To avoid exceeding work_mem, you'd need to push some tuples from the in-memory array to the tape to make room for that. In practice, though, the memory needed for the merge step's heap is tiny. Even if you merge 1000 tapes, you only need memory for 1000 tuples in the heap. But yeah, you'll need some logic to share/divide the in-memory array between the heap and the "in-memory tail" of the last tape. - Heikki
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Greg Stark
Date:
On Thu, Jul 30, 2015 at 12:09 PM, Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> wrote:
True, you need a heap to hold the next tuple from each tape in the merge step. To avoid exceeding work_mem, you'd need to push some tuples from the in-memory array to the tape to make room for that. In practice, though, the memory needed for the merge step's heap is tiny. Even if you merge 1000 tapes, you only need memory for 1000 tuples in the heap. But yeah, you'll need some logic to share/divide the in-memory array between the heap and the "in-memory tail" of the last tape.
It's a bit worse than that because we buffer up a significant chunk of the tape to avoid randomly seeking between tapes after every tuple read. But I think in today's era of large memory we don't need anywhere near the entire work_mem just to buffer to avoid random access. Something simple like a fixed buffer size per tape probably much less than 1MB/tape.
I'm a bit confused where the big win comes from though. Is what's going on that the external sort only exceeded memory by a small amount so nearly all the tuples are still in memory?
greg
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Simon Riggs
Date:
On 30 July 2015 at 12:26, Greg Stark <stark@mit.edu> wrote:
--
On Thu, Jul 30, 2015 at 12:09 PM, Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> wrote:
True, you need a heap to hold the next tuple from each tape in the merge step. To avoid exceeding work_mem, you'd need to push some tuples from the in-memory array to the tape to make room for that. In practice, though, the memory needed for the merge step's heap is tiny. Even if you merge 1000 tapes, you only need memory for 1000 tuples in the heap. But yeah, you'll need some logic to share/divide the in-memory array between the heap and the "in-memory tail" of the last tape.It's a bit worse than that because we buffer up a significant chunk of the tape to avoid randomly seeking between tapes after every tuple read. But I think in today's era of large memory we don't need anywhere near the entire work_mem just to buffer to avoid random access. Something simple like a fixed buffer size per tape probably much less than 1MB/tape.
MERGE_BUFFER_SIZE is currently 0.25 MB, but there was benefit seen above that. I'd say we should scale that up to 1 MB if memory allows.
Yes, that could be tiny for small number of runs. I mention it because Heikki's comment that we could use this in the general case would not be true for larger numbers of runs. Number of runs decreases quickly with more memory anyway, so the technique is mostly good for larger memory but certainly not for small memory allocations.
Simon Riggs http://www.2ndQuadrant.com/
PostgreSQL Development, 24x7 Support, Remote DBA, Training & Services
PostgreSQL Development, 24x7 Support, Remote DBA, Training & Services
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Robert Haas
Date:
On Wed, Jul 29, 2015 at 9:05 PM, Peter Geoghegan <pg@heroku.com> wrote: > The behavior of external sorts that do not require any merge step due > to only having one run (what EXPLAIN ANALYZE output shows as an > "external sort", and not a "merge sort") seems like an area that can > be significantly improved upon. As noted in code comments, this > optimization did not appear in The Art of Computer Programming, Volume > III. It's not an unreasonable idea, but it doesn't work well on modern > machines due to using heapsort, which is known to use the cache > ineffectively. It also often implies significant additional I/O for > little or no benefit. I suspect that all the reports we've heard of > smaller work_mem sizes improving sort performance are actually down to > this one-run optimization *hurting* performance. Very interesting. And great performance numbers. Thanks for taking the time to investigate this - really cool. -- Robert Haas EnterpriseDB: http://www.enterprisedb.com The Enterprise PostgreSQL Company
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
On Thu, Jul 30, 2015 at 12:00 AM, Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> wrote: > Hmm. You don't really need to merge the in-memory array into the tape, as > you know that all the tuples in the in-memory must come after the tuples > already on the tape. You can just return all the tuples from the tape first, > and then all the tuples from the array. It's more complicated than it appears, I think. Tuples may be variable sized. WRITETUP() performs a pfree(), and gives us back a variable amount of availMem. What if we dumped a single, massive, outlier tuple out when a caller passes it and it goes to the root of the heap? We'd dump that massive tuple in one go (this would be an incremental dumptuples() call, which we still do in the patch), making things !LACKMEM() again, but by an usually comfortable margin. We read in a few more regular tuples, but we're done consuming tuples before things ever get LACKMEM() again (no more dumping needed, at least with this patch applied). What prevents the tuple at the top of the in-memory heap at the point of tuplesort_performsort() (say, one of the ones added to the heap as our glut of memory was *partially* consumed) being less than the last/greatest tuple on tape? If the answer is "nothing", a merge step is clearly required. This is not a problem when every single tuple is dumped, but that doesn't happen anymore. I probably should have shown more tests, that tested HeapTuple sorts (not just datum tuple sorts). I agree that things at least usually happen as you describe, FWIW. > I think it'd make sense to structure the code differently, to match the way > I described this optimization above. Instead of adding a new tuplesort state > for this, abstract this in the logical tape code. Add a function to attach > an in-memory "tail" to a tape, and have LogicalTapeRead() read from the tail > after reading the on-disk tape. The rest of the code wouldn't need to care > that sometimes part of the tape is actually in memory. I'll need to think about all of that. Certainly, quicksorting runs in a more general way seems like a very promising idea, and I know that this patch does not go far enough. But it also add this idea of not dumping out most tuples, which seems impossible to generalize further, so maybe it's a useful special case to start from for that reason (and also because it's where the pain is currently felt most often). >> + * Note that there might actually be 2 runs, but only the >> + * contents of one of them went to tape, and so we can >> + * safely "pretend" that there is only 1 run (since we're >> + * about to give up on the idea of the memtuples array being >> + * a heap). This means that if our sort happened to require >> + * random access, the similar "single run" optimization >> + * below (which sets TSS_SORTEDONTAPE) might not be used at >> + * all. This is because dumping all tuples out might have >> + * forced an otherwise equivalent randomAccess case to >> + * acknowledge a second run, which we can avoid. > > > Is that really true? We don't start a second run until we have to, i.e. when > it's time to dump the first tuple of the second run to tape. So I don't > think the case you describe above, where you have two runs but only one of > them has tuples on disk, can actually happen. I think we're talking about two slightly different things. I agree that I am avoiding "starting" a second run because I am avoiding dumping tuples, just as you say (I describe this as avoiding "acknowledging" a second run). But there could still be SortTuples that have a tupindex that is > 0 (they could be 1, to be specific). It's pretty clear from looking at the TSS_BUILDRUNS case within puttuple_common() that this is true. So, if instead you define "starting" a tuple as adding a sortTuple with a tupindex that is > 0, then yes, this comment is true. The important thing is that since we're not dumping every tuple, it doesn't matter whether or not a that TSS_BUILDRUNS case within puttuple_common() ever took the "currentRun + 1" insertion path (which can easily happen), provided things aren't so skewed that it ends up on tape even without dumping all tuples (which seems much less likely). As I've said, this optimization will occur a lot more often then the existing one run optimization (assuming !randomAccess), as a nice side benefit of not dumping every tuple. Quicksort does not use HEAPCOMPARE(), so clearly having multiple runs in that "subrun" is a non-issue. Whether or not we say that a second run "started", or that there was merely the "unfulfilled intent to start a new, second run" is just semantics. While I certainly care about semantics, my point is that we agree that this useful "pretend there is only one run" thing happens (I think). The existing one run optimization only really occurs when the range of values in the set of tuples is well characterized by the tuple values observed during initial heapification, which is bad. Or would be bad, if the existing optimization was good. :-) >> Performance >> ========== > > > Impressive! > >> Predictability >> ========== > > > Even more impressive! Thanks! > As an extra optimization, you could delay quicksorting the in-memory array > until it's time to read the first tuple from it. If the caller reads only > the top-N tuples from the sort for some reason (other than LIMIT, which we > already optimize for), that could avoid a lot of work. Won't comment on that yet, since it's predicated on the merge step being unnecessary. I need to think about this some more. -- Peter Geoghegan
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
On Thu, Jul 30, 2015 at 11:32 AM, Robert Haas <robertmhaas@gmail.com> wrote: > Very interesting. And great performance numbers. Thanks for taking > the time to investigate this - really cool. Thanks. -- Peter Geoghegan
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
On Thu, Jul 30, 2015 at 4:26 AM, Greg Stark <stark@mit.edu> wrote: > I'm a bit confused where the big win comes from though. Is what's going on > that the external sort only exceeded memory by a small amount so nearly all > the tuples are still in memory? Yes, that's why this can be much faster just as the work_mem threshold is crossed. You get an "almost internal" sort, which means you can mostly quicksort, and you can avoid dumping most tuples. It's still a pretty nice win when less than half of tuples fit in memory, though -- just not as nice. Below that, the optimization isn't used. -- Peter Geoghegan
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
On Thu, Jul 30, 2015 at 3:47 AM, Simon Riggs <simon@2ndquadrant.com> wrote: > This is a good optimization for the common case where tuples are mostly > already in order. We could increase the usefulness of this by making UPDATE > pick blocks that are close to a tuple's original block, rather than putting > them near the end of a relation. Not sure what you mean here. >> So here's a shorter/different explanation of this optimization: When it's >> time to perform the sort, instead of draining the in-memory heap one tuple >> at a time to the last tape, you sort the heap with quicksort, and pretend >> that the sorted heap belongs to the last tape, after all the other tuples in >> the tape. >> >> Some questions/thoughts on that: >> >> Isn't that optimization applicable even when you have multiple runs? >> Quicksorting the heap and keeping it as an array in memory is surely always >> faster than heapsorting and pushing it to the tape. > > > It's about use of memory. If you have multiple runs on tape, then they will > need to be merged and you need memory to do that efficiently. If there are > tuples in the last batch still in memory then it can work, but it depends > upon how full memory is from the last batch and how many batches there are. I agree that this optimization has a lot to do with exploiting the fact that you don't need to free the memtuples array for future runs because you've already received all tuples (or keep space free for previous runs). I think that we should still use quicksort on runs where this optimization doesn't work out, but I also still think that that's a different idea. Doing what I've proposed here when there are multiple runs seems less valuable, if only because you're not going to avoid that much writing. -- Peter Geoghegan
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
On Thu, Jul 30, 2015 at 4:01 PM, Peter Geoghegan <pg@heroku.com> wrote: > On Thu, Jul 30, 2015 at 12:00 AM, Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> wrote: >> Hmm. You don't really need to merge the in-memory array into the tape, as >> you know that all the tuples in the in-memory must come after the tuples >> already on the tape. You can just return all the tuples from the tape first, >> and then all the tuples from the array. > > It's more complicated than it appears, I think. Tuples may be variable > sized. WRITETUP() performs a pfree(), and gives us back a variable > amount of availMem. What if we dumped a single, massive, outlier tuple > out when a caller passes it and it goes to the root of the heap? We'd > dump that massive tuple in one go (this would be an incremental > dumptuples() call, which we still do in the patch), making things > !LACKMEM() again, but by an usually comfortable margin. We read in a > few more regular tuples, but we're done consuming tuples before things > ever get LACKMEM() again (no more dumping needed, at least with this > patch applied). > > What prevents the tuple at the top of the in-memory heap at the point > of tuplesort_performsort() (say, one of the ones added to the heap as > our glut of memory was *partially* consumed) being less than the > last/greatest tuple on tape? If the answer is "nothing", a merge step > is clearly required. It's simple to prove this with the attached rough patch, intended to be applied on top of Postgres with my patch. It hacks tuplesort_gettuple_common() to always return tape tuples first, before returning memtuples only when tape tuples have been totally exhausted. If you run my cursory regression test suite with this, you'll see serious regressions. I also attach a regression test diff file from my development system, to save you the trouble of trying this yourself. Note how the "count(distinct(s))" numbers get closer to being correct (lower) as work_mem increases make tuplesort approach an internal sort. It's possible that we can get away with something cheaper than a merge step, but my impression right now is that it isn't terribly expensive. OTOH, if we can make this work with the randomAccess case by being more clever about merging, that could be worthwhile. -- Peter Geoghegan
Attachment
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Heikki Linnakangas
Date:
On 07/31/2015 02:01 AM, Peter Geoghegan wrote: > What prevents the tuple at the top of the in-memory heap at the point > of tuplesort_performsort() (say, one of the ones added to the heap as > our glut of memory was*partially* consumed) being less than the > last/greatest tuple on tape? If the answer is "nothing", a merge step > is clearly required. Oh, ok, I was confused on how the heap works. You could still abstract this as "in-memory tails" of the tapes, but it's more complicated than I thought at first: When it's time to drain the heap, in performsort, divide the array into two arrays, based on the run number of each tuple, and then quicksort the arrays separately. The first array becomes the in-memory tail of the current tape, and the second array becomes the in-memory tail of the next tape. You wouldn't want to actually allocate two arrays and copy SortTuples around, but keep using the single large array, just logically divided into two. So the bookkeeping isn't trivial, but seems doable. Hmm, I can see another possible optimization here, in the way the heap is managed in TSS_BUILDRUNS state. Instead of keeping a single heap, with tupindex as the leading key, it would be more cache efficient to keep one heap for the currentRun, and an unsorted array of tuples belonging to currentRun + 1. When the heap becomes empty, and currentRun is incemented, quicksort the unsorted array to become the new heap. That's a completely separate idea from your patch, although if you did it that way, you wouldn't need the extra step to divide the large array into two, as you'd maintain that division all the time. - Heikki
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Jeremy Harris
Date:
On 30/07/15 02:05, Peter Geoghegan wrote: > Since heapification is now a big fraction of the total cost of a sort > sometimes, even where the heap invariant need not be maintained for > any length of time afterwards, it might be worth revisiting the patch > to make that an O(n) rather than a O(log n) operation [3]. O(n log n) ? Heapification is O(n) already, whether siftup (existing) or down. It might be worthwhile comparing actual times with a quicksort, given that a sorted array is trivially a well-formed heap (the reverse is not true) and that quicksort seems to be cache-friendly. Presumably there will be a crossover N where the cache-friendliness k reduction loses out to the log n penalty for doing a full sort; below this it would be useful. You could then declare the tape buffer to be the leading tranche of work-mem (and dump it right away) and the heap to start with the remainder. -- Cheers, Jeremy
Re: Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Robert Haas
Date:
On Fri, Jul 31, 2015 at 7:21 AM, Jeremy Harris <jgh@wizmail.org> wrote: > Heapification is O(n) already, whether siftup (existing) or down. That's not my impression, or what Wikipedia says. Source? -- Robert Haas EnterpriseDB: http://www.enterprisedb.com The Enterprise PostgreSQL Company
Re: Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Jeremy Harris
Date:
On 31/07/15 18:31, Robert Haas wrote: > On Fri, Jul 31, 2015 at 7:21 AM, Jeremy Harris <jgh@wizmail.org> wrote: >> Heapification is O(n) already, whether siftup (existing) or down. > > That's not my impression, or what Wikipedia says. Source? Measurements done last year: http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/52F35462.3030306@wizmail.org (spreadsheet attachment) http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/52F40CE9.1070509@wizmail.org (measurement procedure and spreadsheet explanation) -- Cheers, Jeremy
Re: Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Andres Freund
Date:
On 2015-07-31 13:31:54 -0400, Robert Haas wrote: > On Fri, Jul 31, 2015 at 7:21 AM, Jeremy Harris <jgh@wizmail.org> wrote: > > Heapification is O(n) already, whether siftup (existing) or down. > > That's not my impression, or what Wikipedia says. Source? Building a binary heap via successive insertions is O(n log n), but building it directly is O(n). Looks like wikipedia agrees too https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_heap#Building_a_heap I'm pretty sure that there's a bunch of places where we intentionally build a heap at once instead successively. At least reorderbuffer.c does so, and it looks like nodeMergeAppend as well (that's why they use binaryheap_add_unordered and then binaryheap_build). Greetings, Andres Freund
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
On Fri, Jul 31, 2015 at 12:59 AM, Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> wrote: > Oh, ok, I was confused on how the heap works. You could still abstract this > as "in-memory tails" of the tapes, but it's more complicated than I thought > at first: > > When it's time to drain the heap, in performsort, divide the array into two > arrays, based on the run number of each tuple, and then quicksort the arrays > separately. The first array becomes the in-memory tail of the current tape, > and the second array becomes the in-memory tail of the next tape. > > You wouldn't want to actually allocate two arrays and copy SortTuples > around, but keep using the single large array, just logically divided into > two. So the bookkeeping isn't trivial, but seems doable. Since you're talking about the case where we must drain all tuples within tuplesort_performsort(), I think you're talking about a distinct idea here (since surely you're not suggesting giving up on my idea of avoiding dumping most tuples, which is a key strength of the patch). That's fine, but I just want to be clear on that. Importantly, my optimization does not care about the fact that the array may have two runs in it, because it quicksorts the array and forgets about it being a heap. It only cares whether or not more than one run made it out to tape, which makes it more widely applicable than it would otherwise be. Also, the fact that much I/O can be avoided is clearly something that can only happen when work_mem is at least ~50% of a work_mem setting that would have resulted in an (entirely) internal sort. You're talking about a new thing here, that happens when it is necessary to dump everything and do a conventional merging of on-tape runs. IOW, we cannot fit a significant fraction of overall tuples in memory, and we need much of the memtuples array for the next run (usually this ends as a TSS_FINALMERGE). That being the case (...right?), I'm confused that you're talking about doing something clever within tuplesort_performsort(). In the case you're targeting, won't the vast majority of tuple dumping (through calls to dumptuples()) occur within puttuple_common()? I think that my optimization should probably retain it's own state.status even if we do this (i.e. TSS_MEMTAPEMERGE should stay). > Hmm, I can see another possible optimization here, in the way the heap is > managed in TSS_BUILDRUNS state. Instead of keeping a single heap, with > tupindex as the leading key, it would be more cache efficient to keep one > heap for the currentRun, and an unsorted array of tuples belonging to > currentRun + 1. When the heap becomes empty, and currentRun is incemented, > quicksort the unsorted array to become the new heap. > > That's a completely separate idea from your patch, although if you did it > that way, you wouldn't need the extra step to divide the large array into > two, as you'd maintain that division all the time. This sounds to me like a refinement of your first idea (the idea that I just wrote about). I think the biggest problem with tuplesort after this patch of mine is committed is that it is still too attached to the idea of incrementally spilling and sifting. It makes sense to some degree where it makes my patch possible...if we hang on to the idea of incrementally spilling tuples on to tape in sorted order for a while, then maybe we can hang on for long enough to quicksort most tuples, *and* to avoid actually dumping most tuples (incremental spills make the latter possible). But when work_mem is only, say, 10% of the setting required for a fully internal sort, then the incremental spilling and sifting starts to look dubious, at least to me, because the TSS_MEMTAPEMERGE optimization added by my patch could not possibly apply, and dumping and merging many times is inevitable. What I think you're getting at here is that we still have a heap, but we don't use the heap to distinguish between tuples within a run. In other words, HEAPCOMPARE() often/always only cares about run number. We quicksort after a deferred period of time, probably just before dumping everything. Perhaps I've misunderstood, but I don't see much point in quicksorting a run before being sure that you're sorting as opposed to heapifying at that point (you're not clear on what we've decided on once we quicksort). I think it could make sense to make HEAPCOMPARE() not care about tuples within a run that is not currentRun, though. I think that anything that gives up on replacement selection's ability to generate large runs, particularly for already sorted inputs will be too hard a sell (not that I think that's what you proposed). That's way, way less of an advantage than it was in the past (back when external sorts took place using actual magnetic tape, it was a huge), but the fact remains that it is an advantage. And so, I've been prototyping an approach where we don't heapify once it is established that this TSS_MEMTAPEMERGE optimization of mine cannot possibly apply. We quicksort in batches rather than heapify. With this approach, tuples are just added arbitrarily to the memtuples array when status is TSS_BUILDRUNS and we decided not to heapify. When this path is first taken (when we first decide not to heapify memtuples anymore), we quicksort and dump the first half of memtuples in a batch. Now, when puttuple_common() once again fills the first half of memtuples (in the style of TSS_INITIAL), we quicksort again, and dump the first half again. Repeat until done. This is something that you could perhaps call "batch replacement selection". This is not anticipated to affect the finished runs one bit as compared to tuplesort today, because we still create a new run (state->currentRun++) any time a value in a now-sorted batch is less than the last (greatest) on-tape value in the currentRun. I am just batching things -- it's the same basic algorithm with minimal use of a heap. I think this will help appreciably because we quicksort, but I'm not sure yet. I think this may also help with introducing asynchronous I/O (maybe we can reuse memtuples for that, with clever staggering of stages during dumping, but that can come later). This is all fairly hand-wavey, but I think it could help appreciably for the case where sorts must produce runs to merge and avoiding dumping all tuples is impossible. -- Peter Geoghegan
Re: Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Robert Haas
Date:
On Sat, Aug 1, 2015 at 9:49 AM, Jeremy Harris <jgh@wizmail.org> wrote: > On 31/07/15 18:31, Robert Haas wrote: >> On Fri, Jul 31, 2015 at 7:21 AM, Jeremy Harris <jgh@wizmail.org> wrote: >>> Heapification is O(n) already, whether siftup (existing) or down. >> >> That's not my impression, or what Wikipedia says. Source? > > Measurements done last year: > > http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/52F35462.3030306@wizmail.org > (spreadsheet attachment) > > http://www.postgresql.org/message-id/52F40CE9.1070509@wizmail.org > (measurement procedure and spreadsheet explanation) I don't think that running benchmarks is the right way to establish the asymptotic runtime of an algorithm. I mean, if you test quicksort, it will run in much less than O(n^2) time on almost any input. But that does not mean that the worst-case run time is anything other than O(n^2). -- Robert Haas EnterpriseDB: http://www.enterprisedb.com The Enterprise PostgreSQL Company
Re: Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Robert Haas
Date:
On Sat, Aug 1, 2015 at 9:56 AM, Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de> wrote: > On 2015-07-31 13:31:54 -0400, Robert Haas wrote: >> On Fri, Jul 31, 2015 at 7:21 AM, Jeremy Harris <jgh@wizmail.org> wrote: >> > Heapification is O(n) already, whether siftup (existing) or down. >> >> That's not my impression, or what Wikipedia says. Source? > > Building a binary heap via successive insertions is O(n log n), but > building it directly is O(n). Looks like wikipedia agrees too > https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_heap#Building_a_heap That doesn't really address the sift-up vs. sift-down question. Maybe I'm just confused about the terminology. I think that Wikipedia article is saying that if you iterate from the middle element of an unsorted array towards the beginning, establishing the heap invariant for every item as you reach it, you will take only O(n) time. But that is not what inittapes() does. It instead starts at the beginning of the array and inserts each element one after the other. If this is any different from building the heap via successive insertions, I don't understand how. -- Robert Haas EnterpriseDB: http://www.enterprisedb.com The Enterprise PostgreSQL Company
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Robert Haas
Date:
On Mon, Aug 3, 2015 at 3:33 PM, Peter Geoghegan <pg@heroku.com> wrote: >> When it's time to drain the heap, in performsort, divide the array into two >> arrays, based on the run number of each tuple, and then quicksort the arrays >> separately. The first array becomes the in-memory tail of the current tape, >> and the second array becomes the in-memory tail of the next tape. >> >> You wouldn't want to actually allocate two arrays and copy SortTuples >> around, but keep using the single large array, just logically divided into >> two. So the bookkeeping isn't trivial, but seems doable. > > You're talking about a new thing here, that happens when it is > necessary to dump everything and do a conventional merging of on-tape > runs. IOW, we cannot fit a significant fraction of overall tuples in > memory, and we need much of the memtuples array for the next run > (usually this ends as a TSS_FINALMERGE). That being the case > (...right?), I don't think that's what Heikki is talking about. He can correct me if I'm wrong, but what I think he's saying is that we should try to exploit the fact that we've already determined which in-memory tuples can be part of the current run and which in-memory tuples must become part of the next run. Suppose half the tuples in memory can become part of the current run and the other half must become part of the next run. If we throw all of those tuples into a single bucket and quicksort it, we're losing the benefit of the comparisons we did to figure out which tuples go in which runs. Instead, we could quicksort the current-run tuples and, separately, quick-sort the next-run tuples. Ignore the current-run tuples completely until the tape is empty, and then merge them with any next-run tuples that remain. I'm not sure if there's any reason to believe that would be faster than your approach. In general, sorting is O(n lg n) so sorting two arrays that are each half as large figures to be slightly faster than sorting one big array. But the difference may not amount to much. -- Robert Haas EnterpriseDB: http://www.enterprisedb.com The Enterprise PostgreSQL Company
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
On Mon, Aug 3, 2015 at 1:36 PM, Robert Haas <robertmhaas@gmail.com> wrote: > I don't think that's what Heikki is talking about. He can correct me > if I'm wrong, but what I think he's saying is that we should try to > exploit the fact that we've already determined which in-memory tuples > can be part of the current run and which in-memory tuples must become > part of the next run. Suppose half the tuples in memory can become > part of the current run and the other half must become part of the > next run. If we throw all of those tuples into a single bucket and > quicksort it, we're losing the benefit of the comparisons we did to > figure out which tuples go in which runs. Instead, we could quicksort > the current-run tuples and, separately, quick-sort the next-run > tuples. Ignore the current-run tuples completely until the tape is > empty, and then merge them with any next-run tuples that remain. Oh. Well, the benefit of "the comparisons we did to figure out which tuples go in which runs" is that we can determine the applicability of this optimization. Also, by keeping run 1 (if any) usually in memory, and run 0 partially on disk we avoid having to worry about run 1 as a thing that spoils the optimization (in the current "single run optimization", dumping all tuples can make us "acknowledge" run 1 (i.e. currentRun++), preventing single run optimization, which we handily avoid in the patch). Finally, it saves us a bunch of real COMPARETUP() comparisons as HEAPCOMPARE() is called as tuples are inserted into the still-heapified memtuples array. > I'm not sure if there's any reason to believe that would be faster > than your approach. In general, sorting is O(n lg n) so sorting two > arrays that are each half as large figures to be slightly faster than > sorting one big array. But the difference may not amount to much. IMV, the smart way of avoiding wasting "the comparisons we did to figure out which tuples go in which runs" is to rig HEAPCOMPARE() to only do a COMPARETUP() for the currentRun, and make sure that we don't mess up and forget that if we don't end up quicksorting. The second run that is in memory can only consist of whatever tuples were added after heapification that were less than any of those previously observed tuples (a big majority, usually). So like you, I can't see any of these techniques helping much, even my "smart" technique. Maybe I should look at a case involving text or something to be sure. Thinking about it some more, I don't think it would be easy to maintain a clear separation between run 0 and run 1 in the memtuples array in terms of a cutoff point. It's still a heap at that stage, of course. You'd have to rig each tuple comparator so that COMPARETUP() cared about tupindex before comparing datum1 just for this, which seems rather unappealing. -- Peter Geoghegan
Re: Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Jeff Janes
Date:
<p dir="ltr"><br /> On Jul 31, 2015 4:22 AM, "Jeremy Harris" <<a href="mailto:jgh@wizmail.org">jgh@wizmail.org</a>>wrote:<br /> ><br /> > On 30/07/15 02:05, Peter Geoghegan wrote:<br/> > > Since heapification is now a big fraction of the total cost of a sort<br /> > > sometimes, evenwhere the heap invariant need not be maintained for<br /> > > any length of time afterwards, it might be worthrevisiting the patch<br /> > > to make that an O(n) rather than a O(log n) operation [3].<br /> ><br /> > O(n log n) ?<br /> ><br /> > Heapification is O(n) already, whether siftup(existing) or down.<br /><p dir="ltr">They are both linear on average, but the way we currently do it has an NlogNworst case, while the other way is linear even in the worst case.<p dir="ltr">Cheers, Jeff
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Heikki Linnakangas
Date:
On 08/03/2015 11:36 PM, Robert Haas wrote: > On Mon, Aug 3, 2015 at 3:33 PM, Peter Geoghegan <pg@heroku.com> wrote: >>> When it's time to drain the heap, in performsort, divide the array into two >>> arrays, based on the run number of each tuple, and then quicksort the arrays >>> separately. The first array becomes the in-memory tail of the current tape, >>> and the second array becomes the in-memory tail of the next tape. >>> >>> You wouldn't want to actually allocate two arrays and copy SortTuples >>> around, but keep using the single large array, just logically divided into >>> two. So the bookkeeping isn't trivial, but seems doable. >> >> You're talking about a new thing here, that happens when it is >> necessary to dump everything and do a conventional merging of on-tape >> runs. IOW, we cannot fit a significant fraction of overall tuples in >> memory, and we need much of the memtuples array for the next run >> (usually this ends as a TSS_FINALMERGE). That being the case >> (...right?), > > I don't think that's what Heikki is talking about. He can correct me > if I'm wrong, but what I think he's saying is that we should try to > exploit the fact that we've already determined which in-memory tuples > can be part of the current run and which in-memory tuples must become > part of the next run. Suppose half the tuples in memory can become > part of the current run and the other half must become part of the > next run. If we throw all of those tuples into a single bucket and > quicksort it, we're losing the benefit of the comparisons we did to > figure out which tuples go in which runs. Instead, we could quicksort > the current-run tuples and, separately, quick-sort the next-run > tuples. Ignore the current-run tuples completely until the tape is > empty, and then merge them with any next-run tuples that remain. Yeah, something like that. To paraphrase, if I'm now understanding it correctly, Peter's idea is: When all the tuples have been fed to tuplesort, and it's time to perform the sort, quicksort all the tuples currently in the heap, ignoring the run numbers, and turn the resulting array into another tape. That tape is special: it's actually stored completely in memory. It is merged with the "real" tapes when tuples are returned from the tuplesort, just like regular tapes in TSS_FINALMERGE. And my idea is: When all the tuples have been fed to tuplesort, and it's time to perform the sort, take all the tuples in the heap belonging to currentRun, quicksort them, and make them part of the current tape. They're not just pushed to the tape as usual, however, but attached as in-memory tail of the current tape. The logical tape abstraction will return them after all the tuples already in the tape, as if they were pushed to the tape as usual. Then take all the remaining tuples in the heap (if any), belonging to next tape, and do the same for them. They become an in-memory tail of the next tape. > I'm not sure if there's any reason to believe that would be faster > than your approach. In general, sorting is O(n lg n) so sorting two > arrays that are each half as large figures to be slightly faster than > sorting one big array. But the difference may not amount to much. Yeah, I don't think there's a big performance difference between the two approaches. I'm not wedded to either approach. Whichever approach we use, my main point was that it would be better to handle this in the logical tape abstraction. In my approach, you would have those "in-memory tails" attached to the last two tapes. In Peter's approach, you would have one tape that's completely in memory, backed by the array. In either case, the tapes would look like normal tapes to most of tuplesort.c. There would be no extra TSS state, it would be TSS_SORTEDONTAPE or TSS_FINALMERGE as usual. The logical tape abstraction is currently too low-level for that. It's just a tape of bytes, and tuplesort.c determines where a tuple begins and ends. That needs to be changed so that the logical tape abstraction works tuple-at-a-time instead. For example, instead of LogicalTapeRead(N) which reads N bytes, you would have LogicalTapeReadTuple(), which reads next tuple, and returns its length and the tuple itself. But that would be quite sensible anyway. - Heikki
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
On Tue, Aug 4, 2015 at 1:24 AM, Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> wrote: > Yeah, something like that. To paraphrase, if I'm now understanding it > correctly, Peter's idea is: > > When all the tuples have been fed to tuplesort, and it's time to perform the > sort, quicksort all the tuples currently in the heap, ignoring the run > numbers, and turn the resulting array into another tape. That tape is > special: it's actually stored completely in memory. It is merged with the > "real" tapes when tuples are returned from the tuplesort, just like regular > tapes in TSS_FINALMERGE. Yeah. I imagine that we'll want to put memory prefetch hints for the new case, since I've independently shown that that works well for the in-memory case, which this can be very close to. My next patch will also include quicksorting of runs after we give up on heapification (after there is more than one run and it is established that we cannot use my "quicksort with spillover" optimization, so there are two or more "real" runs on tape). Once there is clearly not going to be one huge run (which can happen due to everything largely being in order, even when work_mem is small), and once incrementally spilling does not end in time to do a "quicksort with spillover", then the replacement selection thing isn't too valuable. Especially with large memory sizes but memory bandwidth + latency as a bottleneck, which is the norm these days. This seems simpler than my earlier idea of reusing half the memtuples array only, and resorting the entire array each time, to have something that consistently approximates replacement selection but with quicksorting + batching, which I discussed before. I have this working, and it takes about a good chunk of the runtime off a sort that merges 3 runs on one reasonable case tested where work_mem was 300MB. It went from about 56.6 seconds with master to 35.8 seconds with this new approach when tested just now (this approach saves no writing of tuples, so it's not as effective as the original "quicksort with spillover" patch can be, but covers a fundamentally different case). I just need to clean up the patch, and see if I missed any further optimizations, but this feels like the way forward multi-run wise. I think it's worth giving up on replacement selection style runs after the first run is produced, because that's where the benefits are, if anywhere. -- Peter Geoghegan
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
On Tue, Aug 4, 2015 at 1:24 AM, Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> wrote: > Yeah, I don't think there's a big performance difference between the two > approaches. I'm not wedded to either approach. Whichever approach we use, my > main point was that it would be better to handle this in the logical tape > abstraction. In my approach, you would have those "in-memory tails" attached > to the last two tapes. In Peter's approach, you would have one tape that's > completely in memory, backed by the array. In either case, the tapes would > look like normal tapes to most of tuplesort.c. There would be no extra TSS > state, it would be TSS_SORTEDONTAPE or TSS_FINALMERGE as usual. TBH, it's not clear to me why making the logical tape abstraction manage some fraction of memtuples has any advantage at all. The only case that I can imagine where this could be useful is where a logical tape does asynchronous I/O, and has the benefit of some portion of memtuples (probably half) as scratch space (most I/O probably occurs while tuplesort quicksorts the other half of memtuples). But that has nothing to do with building a better abstraction. The more expansive patch that I'm currently working on, that covers every external sorting case -- the patch to *also* quicksort runs past the first run, regardless of whether or not we can get away with a "quicksort with spillover" -- is going very well. I haven't had a solid block of time to work on it this week due to other commitments, but it isn't very complicated. Performance benefits are considerable even without saving any I/O. I can be as much as twice as fast for "merge sort" sorts in some cases. So not quite as nice as "quicksort with spillover", but still a significant improvement considering writing everything out is inevitable for the cases helped. As I said before, the upcoming patch has tuplesort give up on memtuples *ever* being a heap after the first run, whatever happens. I just quicksort and dump in batches past the first run. Since I give up on replacement selection sort only after the first run, I still have most of the upside of replacement selection, but little of the big downside of heap maintenance. This will result in smaller runs on average past the first run. I can give you at least 3 very strong arguments for why this is totally worth it in every case, but I'll wait till I'm asked for them. :-) One useful saving made in this upcoming multi-tape-run patch is that it never treats any non-current run as part of the heap beyond its run number, even when currentRun is the first (run 0). So no comparisons occur beyond the first run to maintain the heap invariant *even when the first run is current* -- tuples are simply appended that belong to the second run (we only do an extra comparison to determine that that's the run they belong in). So the second run (run 1) is not trusted to be heapified by dumptuples(), and is quicksorted (either by "quicksort with spillover", along with much of the first run, or on its own, when there are multiple conventional on-tape runs; it doesn't matter which way it is quicksorted). From there on, every run is quicksorted when memtuples fills, and written out entirely in memtuple sized batches. > The logical tape abstraction is currently too low-level for that. It's just > a tape of bytes, and tuplesort.c determines where a tuple begins and ends. > That needs to be changed so that the logical tape abstraction works > tuple-at-a-time instead. For example, instead of LogicalTapeRead(N) which > reads N bytes, you would have LogicalTapeReadTuple(), which reads next > tuple, and returns its length and the tuple itself. But that would be quite > sensible anyway. Why would it be sensible? I honestly wonder why you want to do things that way. What is the advantage of not having what I call the in-memory "subrun" managed by a logical tape? It's already nothing like any other type of run in several ways. Aside from being all in-memory, it is often much larger. It's special in that it kind of rejects the preliminary determination that some tuples within memtuples need to be in a second, traditional, on-tape run (because we can just quicksort everything and merge with the existing single on-tape run). Also, we now need tuplesort_gettuple_common() to ask READTUP() what to tell its caller about freeing memory that is allocated in within tuplesort.c directly. The memtuples array is already treated as an array, a heap, the head of each tape that is merged, and maybe one other thing that I forgot about offhand. The field SortTuple.tupindex has a total of 3 context-dependent meanings. Playing these kind of games with the memtuples array is very much something that happens already. More than anything else, I think that the new TSS_MEMTAPEMERGE state is justified as a special case because "quicksort with spillover" is legitimately a special case. Users will want to know how close they were to an internal sort when looking at EXPLAIN ANALYZE and so on. When cost_sort() is fixed to be a continuous function (which I think will be pretty nice for certain other problems), the reader of that code will want to know more about this "quicksort with spillover" special case that can save 99% of I/O for what is still classified as an external sort -- they will look in tuplesort.c for it, not the logical tape code. -- Peter Geoghegan
Re: Using quicksort and a merge step to significantly improve on tuplesort's single run "external sort"
From
Peter Geoghegan
Date:
On Fri, Jul 31, 2015 at 12:59 AM, Heikki Linnakangas <hlinnaka@iki.fi> wrote: > On 07/31/2015 02:01 AM, Peter Geoghegan wrote: >> >> What prevents the tuple at the top of the in-memory heap at the point >> of tuplesort_performsort() (say, one of the ones added to the heap as >> our glut of memory was*partially* consumed) being less than the >> last/greatest tuple on tape? If the answer is "nothing", a merge step >> is clearly required. > > > Oh, ok, I was confused on how the heap works. I think I explained this badly, by referencing a secondary reason why we must do a merge. I will now do a better job of explaining why a merge of in-memory and on disk tuples is necessary, for the benefit of other people (I think you get it). The main reason why a merge step is required is that the memtuples array will contain some tuples that were classified as belonging to a second run. Therefore, those tuples may well be lower than the highest on-tape tuples in terms of sort order (in fact, they may be lower than any on-tape tuple). I cannot simply return all tape tuples followed by all in-memory tuples to the caller, and so I must merge, and so only !randomAccess callers may get a "quicksort with spillover". I can only get away with **avoiding dumping all tuples** and just merging instead because I "reject" this determination that a second *traditional/tape* run is needed. I am therefore free of any obligation to merge this would-be traditional second run separately. Another way of explaining it is that I do an all-in-memory merge of some part of the first run, and all the second run (by quicksorting). I then merge this with the original chunk of the first run that is sorted on tape (that was sorted by incremental spilling from the heap). The next version of the patch (the patch may be split in two -- "quicksort with spillover", and "merge sort" optimization) will make sure that any comparisons that go into maintaining the heap invariant are not wasted on the second run, since it will always be quicksorted. We only need to compare the second run tuples pre-quicksort in order to determine that they belong to that run and not the current (first) run. Does that make sense? Have I explained that well? -- Peter Geoghegan