PostgreSQL 17.2-2, 16.6-2, 15.10-2 are available for download. These installers include a fix when the local system is a non-English name containing non-ASCII characters. Please have a look. Hopefully, it should resolve the issue for you.
We have an issue installing version 15.8 using file postgresql-15.8-1-windows-x64.exe. The installation in our environment is run in the system context. When the installation is run in the system context it writes to C:\Windows\Temp folder and fails. If the installation is run as admin, it writes to %LocalAppData%\Temp. The previous version of the installer was able to run in system context and install the application without any issue.
Each time the installation is run in system context, it generates a folder with a different name so we cannot change the permission. If the temp folder can have a fixed name, then it may be possible to change the permissions.