Appendix C. SQL Key Words

Table C.1 lists all tokens that are key words in the SQL standard and in PostgreSQL 16.2. Background information can be found in Section 4.1.1. (For space reasons, only the latest two versions of the SQL standard, and SQL-92 for historical comparison, are included. The differences between those and the other intermediate standard versions are small.)

SQL distinguishes between reserved and non-reserved key words. According to the standard, reserved key words are the only real key words; they are never allowed as identifiers. Non-reserved key words only have a special meaning in particular contexts and can be used as identifiers in other contexts. Most non-reserved key words are actually the names of built-in tables and functions specified by SQL. The concept of non-reserved key words essentially only exists to declare that some predefined meaning is attached to a word in some contexts.

In the PostgreSQL parser, life is a bit more complicated. There are several different classes of tokens ranging from those that can never be used as an identifier to those that have absolutely no special status in the parser, but are considered ordinary identifiers. (The latter is usually the case for functions specified by SQL.) Even reserved key words are not completely reserved in PostgreSQL, but can be used as column labels (for example, SELECT 55 AS CHECK, even though CHECK is a reserved key word).

In Table C.1 in the column for PostgreSQL we classify as non-reserved those key words that are explicitly known to the parser but are allowed as column or table names. Some key words that are otherwise non-reserved cannot be used as function or data type names and are marked accordingly. (Most of these words represent built-in functions or data types with special syntax. The function or type is still available but it cannot be redefined by the user.) Labeled reserved are those tokens that are not allowed as column or table names. Some reserved key words are allowable as names for functions or data types; this is also shown in the table. If not so marked, a reserved key word is only allowed as a column label. A blank entry in this column means that the word is treated as an ordinary identifier by PostgreSQL.

Furthermore, while most key words can be used as bare column labels without writing AS before them (as described in Section 7.3.2), there are a few that require a leading AS to avoid ambiguity. These are marked in the table as requires AS.

As a general rule, if you get spurious parser errors for commands that use any of the listed key words as an identifier, you should try quoting the identifier to see if the problem goes away.

It is important to understand before studying Table C.1 that the fact that a key word is not reserved in PostgreSQL does not mean that the feature related to the word is not implemented. Conversely, the presence of a key word does not indicate the existence of a feature.

Table C.1. SQL Key Words

Key WordPostgreSQLSQL:2023SQL:2016SQL-92
A non-reservednon-reserved 
ABORTnon-reserved   
ABS reservedreserved 
ABSENTnon-reservedreservedreserved 
ABSOLUTEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
ACCESSnon-reserved   
ACCORDING non-reservednon-reserved 
ACOS reservedreserved 
ACTIONnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
ADA non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
ADDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
ADMINnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
AFTERnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
AGGREGATEnon-reserved   
ALLreservedreservedreservedreserved
ALLOCATE reservedreservedreserved
ALSOnon-reserved   
ALTERnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
ALWAYSnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
ANALYSEreserved   
ANALYZEreserved   
ANDreservedreservedreservedreserved
ANYreservedreservedreservedreserved
ANY_VALUE reserved  
ARE reservedreservedreserved
ARRAYreserved, requires ASreservedreserved 
ARRAY_AGG reservedreserved 
ARRAY_​MAX_​CARDINALITY reservedreserved 
ASreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
ASCreservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
ASENSITIVEnon-reservedreservedreserved 
ASIN reservedreserved 
ASSERTIONnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
ASSIGNMENTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
ASYMMETRICreservedreservedreserved 
ATnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
ATAN reservedreserved 
ATOMICnon-reservedreservedreserved 
ATTACHnon-reserved   
ATTRIBUTEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
ATTRIBUTES non-reservednon-reserved 
AUTHORIZATIONreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
AVG reservedreservedreserved
BACKWARDnon-reserved   
BASE64 non-reservednon-reserved 
BEFOREnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
BEGINnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
BEGIN_FRAME reservedreserved 
BEGIN_PARTITION reservedreserved 
BERNOULLI non-reservednon-reserved 
BETWEENnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
BIGINTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
BINARYreserved (can be function or type)reservedreserved 
BITnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)  reserved
BIT_LENGTH   reserved
BLOB reservedreserved 
BLOCKED non-reservednon-reserved 
BOM non-reservednon-reserved 
BOOLEANnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
BOTHreservedreservedreservedreserved
BREADTHnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
BTRIM reserved  
BYnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
C non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CACHEnon-reserved   
CALLnon-reservedreservedreserved 
CALLEDnon-reservedreservedreserved 
CARDINALITY reservedreserved 
CASCADEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
CASCADEDnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
CASEreservedreservedreservedreserved
CASTreservedreservedreservedreserved
CATALOGnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
CATALOG_NAME non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CEIL reservedreserved 
CEILING reservedreserved 
CHAINnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
CHAINING non-reservednon-reserved 
CHARnon-reserved (cannot be function or type), requires ASreservedreservedreserved
CHARACTERnon-reserved (cannot be function or type), requires ASreservedreservedreserved
CHARACTERISTICSnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
CHARACTERS non-reservednon-reserved 
CHARACTER_LENGTH reservedreservedreserved
CHARACTER_​SET_​CATALOG non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CHARACTER_SET_NAME non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CHAR_LENGTH reservedreservedreserved
CHECKreservedreservedreservedreserved
CHECKPOINTnon-reserved   
CLASSnon-reserved   
CLASSIFIER reservedreserved 
CLASS_ORIGIN non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CLOB reservedreserved 
CLOSEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
CLUSTERnon-reserved   
COALESCEnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
COBOL non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
COLLATEreservedreservedreservedreserved
COLLATIONreserved (can be function or type)non-reservednon-reservedreserved
COLLATION_CATALOG non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
COLLATION_NAME non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
COLLATION_SCHEMA non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
COLLECT reservedreserved 
COLUMNreservedreservedreservedreserved
COLUMNSnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
COLUMN_NAME non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
COMMAND_FUNCTION non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
COMMAND_​FUNCTION_​CODE non-reservednon-reserved 
COMMENTnon-reserved   
COMMENTSnon-reserved   
COMMITnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
COMMITTEDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
COMPRESSIONnon-reserved   
CONCURRENTLYreserved (can be function or type)   
CONDITION reservedreserved 
CONDITIONAL non-reservednon-reserved 
CONDITION_NUMBER non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CONFIGURATIONnon-reserved   
CONFLICTnon-reserved   
CONNECT reservedreservedreserved
CONNECTIONnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
CONNECTION_NAME non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CONSTRAINTreservedreservedreservedreserved
CONSTRAINTSnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
CONSTRAINT_CATALOG non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CONSTRAINT_NAME non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CONSTRUCTOR non-reservednon-reserved 
CONTAINS reservedreserved 
CONTENTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
CONTINUEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
CONTROL non-reservednon-reserved 
CONVERSIONnon-reserved   
CONVERT reservedreservedreserved
COPARTITION non-reserved  
COPYnon-reservedreservedreserved 
CORR reservedreserved 
CORRESPONDING reservedreservedreserved
COS reservedreserved 
COSH reservedreserved 
COSTnon-reserved   
COUNT reservedreservedreserved
COVAR_POP reservedreserved 
COVAR_SAMP reservedreserved 
CREATEreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
CROSSreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
CSVnon-reserved   
CUBEnon-reservedreservedreserved 
CUME_DIST reservedreserved 
CURRENTnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
CURRENT_CATALOGreservedreservedreserved 
CURRENT_DATEreservedreservedreservedreserved
CURRENT_​DEFAULT_​TRANSFORM_​GROUP reservedreserved 
CURRENT_PATH reservedreserved 
CURRENT_ROLEreservedreservedreserved 
CURRENT_ROW reservedreserved 
CURRENT_SCHEMAreserved (can be function or type)reservedreserved 
CURRENT_TIMEreservedreservedreservedreserved
CURRENT_TIMESTAMPreservedreservedreservedreserved
CURRENT_​TRANSFORM_​GROUP_​FOR_​TYPE reservedreserved 
CURRENT_USERreservedreservedreservedreserved
CURSORnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
CURSOR_NAME non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
CYCLEnon-reservedreservedreserved 
DATAnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
DATABASEnon-reserved   
DATALINK reservedreserved 
DATE reservedreservedreserved
DATETIME_​INTERVAL_​CODE non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
DATETIME_​INTERVAL_​PRECISION non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
DAYnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
DB non-reservednon-reserved 
DEALLOCATEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
DECnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
DECFLOAT reservedreserved 
DECIMALnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
DECLAREnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
DEFAULTreservedreservedreservedreserved
DEFAULTSnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
DEFERRABLEreservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
DEFERREDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
DEFINE reservedreserved 
DEFINED non-reservednon-reserved 
DEFINERnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
DEGREE non-reservednon-reserved 
DELETEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
DELIMITERnon-reserved   
DELIMITERSnon-reserved   
DENSE_RANK reservedreserved 
DEPENDSnon-reserved   
DEPTHnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
DEREF reservedreserved 
DERIVED non-reservednon-reserved 
DESCreservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
DESCRIBE reservedreservedreserved
DESCRIPTOR non-reservednon-reservedreserved
DETACHnon-reserved   
DETERMINISTIC reservedreserved 
DIAGNOSTICS non-reservednon-reservedreserved
DICTIONARYnon-reserved   
DISABLEnon-reserved   
DISCARDnon-reserved   
DISCONNECT reservedreservedreserved
DISPATCH non-reservednon-reserved 
DISTINCTreservedreservedreservedreserved
DLNEWCOPY reservedreserved 
DLPREVIOUSCOPY reservedreserved 
DLURLCOMPLETE reservedreserved 
DLURLCOMPLETEONLY reservedreserved 
DLURLCOMPLETEWRITE reservedreserved 
DLURLPATH reservedreserved 
DLURLPATHONLY reservedreserved 
DLURLPATHWRITE reservedreserved 
DLURLSCHEME reservedreserved 
DLURLSERVER reservedreserved 
DLVALUE reservedreserved 
DOreserved   
DOCUMENTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
DOMAINnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
DOUBLEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
DROPnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
DYNAMIC reservedreserved 
DYNAMIC_FUNCTION non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
DYNAMIC_​FUNCTION_​CODE non-reservednon-reserved 
EACHnon-reservedreservedreserved 
ELEMENT reservedreserved 
ELSEreservedreservedreservedreserved
EMPTY reservedreserved 
ENABLEnon-reserved   
ENCODINGnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
ENCRYPTEDnon-reserved   
ENDreservedreservedreservedreserved
END-EXEC reservedreservedreserved
END_FRAME reservedreserved 
END_PARTITION reservedreserved 
ENFORCED non-reservednon-reserved 
ENUMnon-reserved   
EQUALS reservedreserved 
ERROR non-reservednon-reserved 
ESCAPEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
EVENTnon-reserved   
EVERY reservedreserved 
EXCEPTreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
EXCEPTION   reserved
EXCLUDEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
EXCLUDINGnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
EXCLUSIVEnon-reserved   
EXEC reservedreservedreserved
EXECUTEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
EXISTSnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
EXP reservedreserved 
EXPLAINnon-reserved   
EXPRESSIONnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
EXTENSIONnon-reserved   
EXTERNALnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
EXTRACTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
FALSEreservedreservedreservedreserved
FAMILYnon-reserved   
FETCHreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
FILE non-reservednon-reserved 
FILTERnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreserved 
FINAL non-reservednon-reserved 
FINALIZEnon-reserved   
FINISH non-reservednon-reserved 
FIRSTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
FIRST_VALUE reservedreserved 
FLAG non-reservednon-reserved 
FLOATnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
FLOOR reservedreserved 
FOLLOWINGnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
FORreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
FORCEnon-reserved   
FOREIGNreservedreservedreservedreserved
FORMATnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
FORTRAN non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
FORWARDnon-reserved   
FOUND non-reservednon-reservedreserved
FRAME_ROW reservedreserved 
FREE reservedreserved 
FREEZEreserved (can be function or type)   
FROMreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
FS non-reservednon-reserved 
FULFILL non-reservednon-reserved 
FULLreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
FUNCTIONnon-reservedreservedreserved 
FUNCTIONSnon-reserved   
FUSION reservedreserved 
G non-reservednon-reserved 
GENERAL non-reservednon-reserved 
GENERATEDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
GET reservedreservedreserved
GLOBALnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
GO non-reservednon-reservedreserved
GOTO non-reservednon-reservedreserved
GRANTreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
GRANTEDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
GREATESTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reserved  
GROUPreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
GROUPINGnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
GROUPSnon-reservedreservedreserved 
HANDLERnon-reserved   
HAVINGreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
HEADERnon-reserved   
HEX non-reservednon-reserved 
HIERARCHY non-reservednon-reserved 
HOLDnon-reservedreservedreserved 
HOURnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
ID non-reservednon-reserved 
IDENTITYnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
IFnon-reserved   
IGNORE non-reservednon-reserved 
ILIKEreserved (can be function or type)   
IMMEDIATEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
IMMEDIATELY non-reservednon-reserved 
IMMUTABLEnon-reserved   
IMPLEMENTATION non-reservednon-reserved 
IMPLICITnon-reserved   
IMPORTnon-reservedreservedreserved 
INreservedreservedreservedreserved
INCLUDEnon-reserved   
INCLUDINGnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
INCREMENTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
INDENTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
INDEXnon-reserved   
INDEXESnon-reserved   
INDICATOR reservedreservedreserved
INHERITnon-reserved   
INHERITSnon-reserved   
INITIAL reservedreserved 
INITIALLYreservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
INLINEnon-reserved   
INNERreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
INOUTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
INPUTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
INSENSITIVEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
INSERTnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
INSTANCE non-reservednon-reserved 
INSTANTIABLE non-reservednon-reserved 
INSTEADnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
INTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
INTEGERnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
INTEGRITY non-reservednon-reserved 
INTERSECTreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
INTERSECTION reservedreserved 
INTERVALnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
INTOreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
INVOKERnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
ISreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
ISNULLreserved (can be function or type), requires AS   
ISOLATIONnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
JOINreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
JSONnon-reservedreserved  
JSON_ARRAYnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
JSON_ARRAYAGGnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
JSON_EXISTS reservedreserved 
JSON_OBJECTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
JSON_OBJECTAGGnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
JSON_QUERY reservedreserved 
JSON_SCALAR reserved  
JSON_SERIALIZE reserved  
JSON_TABLE reservedreserved 
JSON_TABLE_PRIMITIVE reservedreserved 
JSON_VALUE reservedreserved 
K non-reservednon-reserved 
KEEP non-reservednon-reserved 
KEYnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
KEYSnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
KEY_MEMBER non-reservednon-reserved 
KEY_TYPE non-reservednon-reserved 
LABELnon-reserved   
LAG reservedreserved 
LANGUAGEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
LARGEnon-reservedreservedreserved 
LASTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
LAST_VALUE reservedreserved 
LATERALreservedreservedreserved 
LEAD reservedreserved 
LEADINGreservedreservedreservedreserved
LEAKPROOFnon-reserved   
LEASTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reserved  
LEFTreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
LENGTH non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
LEVELnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
LIBRARY non-reservednon-reserved 
LIKEreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
LIKE_REGEX reservedreserved 
LIMITreserved, requires ASnon-reservednon-reserved 
LINK non-reservednon-reserved 
LISTAGG reservedreserved 
LISTENnon-reserved   
LN reservedreserved 
LOADnon-reserved   
LOCALnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
LOCALTIMEreservedreservedreserved 
LOCALTIMESTAMPreservedreservedreserved 
LOCATIONnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
LOCATOR non-reservednon-reserved 
LOCKnon-reserved   
LOCKEDnon-reserved   
LOG reservedreserved 
LOG10 reservedreserved 
LOGGEDnon-reserved   
LOWER reservedreservedreserved
LPAD reserved  
LTRIM reserved  
M non-reservednon-reserved 
MAP non-reservednon-reserved 
MAPPINGnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
MATCHnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
MATCHEDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
MATCHES reservedreserved 
MATCH_NUMBER reservedreserved 
MATCH_RECOGNIZE reservedreserved 
MATERIALIZEDnon-reserved   
MAX reservedreservedreserved
MAXVALUEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
MEASURES non-reservednon-reserved 
MEMBER reservedreserved 
MERGEnon-reservedreservedreserved 
MESSAGE_LENGTH non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
MESSAGE_OCTET_LENGTH non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
MESSAGE_TEXT non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
METHODnon-reservedreservedreserved 
MIN reservedreservedreserved
MINUTEnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
MINVALUEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
MOD reservedreserved 
MODEnon-reserved   
MODIFIES reservedreserved 
MODULE reservedreservedreserved
MONTHnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
MORE non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
MOVEnon-reserved   
MULTISET reservedreserved 
MUMPS non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
NAMEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
NAMESnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
NAMESPACE non-reservednon-reserved 
NATIONALnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
NATURALreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
NCHARnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
NCLOB reservedreserved 
NESTED non-reservednon-reserved 
NESTING non-reservednon-reserved 
NEWnon-reservedreservedreserved 
NEXTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
NFCnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
NFDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
NFKCnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
NFKDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
NIL non-reservednon-reserved 
NOnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
NONEnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
NORMALIZEnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
NORMALIZEDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
NOTreservedreservedreservedreserved
NOTHINGnon-reserved   
NOTIFYnon-reserved   
NOTNULLreserved (can be function or type), requires AS   
NOWAITnon-reserved   
NTH_VALUE reservedreserved 
NTILE reservedreserved 
NULLreservedreservedreservedreserved
NULLABLE non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
NULLIFnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
NULLSnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
NULL_ORDERING non-reservednon-reserved 
NUMBER non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
NUMERICnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
OBJECTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
OCCURRENCE non-reservednon-reserved 
OCCURRENCES_REGEX reservedreserved 
OCTETS non-reservednon-reserved 
OCTET_LENGTH reservedreservedreserved
OFnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
OFFnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
OFFSETreserved, requires ASreservedreserved 
OIDSnon-reserved   
OLDnon-reservedreservedreserved 
OMIT reservedreserved 
ONreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
ONE reservedreserved 
ONLYreservedreservedreservedreserved
OPEN reservedreservedreserved
OPERATORnon-reserved   
OPTIONnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
OPTIONSnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
ORreservedreservedreservedreserved
ORDERreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
ORDERING non-reservednon-reserved 
ORDINALITYnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
OTHERSnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
OUTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
OUTERreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
OUTPUT non-reservednon-reservedreserved
OVERnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreserved 
OVERFLOW non-reservednon-reserved 
OVERLAPSreserved (can be function or type), requires ASreservedreservedreserved
OVERLAYnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
OVERRIDINGnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
OWNEDnon-reserved   
OWNERnon-reserved   
P non-reservednon-reserved 
PAD non-reservednon-reservedreserved
PARALLELnon-reserved   
PARAMETERnon-reservedreservedreserved 
PARAMETER_MODE non-reservednon-reserved 
PARAMETER_NAME non-reservednon-reserved 
PARAMETER_​ORDINAL_​POSITION non-reservednon-reserved 
PARAMETER_​SPECIFIC_​CATALOG non-reservednon-reserved 
PARAMETER_​SPECIFIC_​NAME non-reservednon-reserved 
PARAMETER_​SPECIFIC_​SCHEMA non-reservednon-reserved 
PARSERnon-reserved   
PARTIALnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
PARTITIONnon-reservedreservedreserved 
PASCAL non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
PASS non-reservednon-reserved 
PASSINGnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
PASSTHROUGH non-reservednon-reserved 
PASSWORDnon-reserved   
PAST non-reservednon-reserved 
PATH non-reservednon-reserved 
PATTERN reservedreserved 
PER reservedreserved 
PERCENT reservedreserved 
PERCENTILE_CONT reservedreserved 
PERCENTILE_DISC reservedreserved 
PERCENT_RANK reservedreserved 
PERIOD reservedreserved 
PERMISSION non-reservednon-reserved 
PERMUTE non-reservednon-reserved 
PIPE non-reservednon-reserved 
PLACINGreservednon-reservednon-reserved 
PLAN non-reservednon-reserved 
PLANSnon-reserved   
PLI non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
POLICYnon-reserved   
PORTION reservedreserved 
POSITIONnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
POSITION_REGEX reservedreserved 
POWER reservedreserved 
PRECEDES reservedreserved 
PRECEDINGnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
PRECISIONnon-reserved (cannot be function or type), requires ASreservedreservedreserved
PREPAREnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
PREPAREDnon-reserved   
PRESERVEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
PREV non-reservednon-reserved 
PRIMARYreservedreservedreservedreserved
PRIORnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
PRIVATE non-reservednon-reserved 
PRIVILEGESnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
PROCEDURALnon-reserved   
PROCEDUREnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
PROCEDURESnon-reserved   
PROGRAMnon-reserved   
PRUNE non-reservednon-reserved 
PTF reservedreserved 
PUBLIC non-reservednon-reservedreserved
PUBLICATIONnon-reserved   
QUOTEnon-reserved   
QUOTES non-reservednon-reserved 
RANGEnon-reservedreservedreserved 
RANK reservedreserved 
READnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
READS reservedreserved 
REALnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
REASSIGNnon-reserved   
RECHECKnon-reserved   
RECOVERY non-reservednon-reserved 
RECURSIVEnon-reservedreservedreserved 
REFnon-reservedreservedreserved 
REFERENCESreservedreservedreservedreserved
REFERENCINGnon-reservedreservedreserved 
REFRESHnon-reserved   
REGR_AVGX reservedreserved 
REGR_AVGY reservedreserved 
REGR_COUNT reservedreserved 
REGR_INTERCEPT reservedreserved 
REGR_R2 reservedreserved 
REGR_SLOPE reservedreserved 
REGR_SXX reservedreserved 
REGR_SXY reservedreserved 
REGR_SYY reservedreserved 
REINDEXnon-reserved   
RELATIVEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
RELEASEnon-reservedreservedreserved 
RENAMEnon-reserved   
REPEATABLEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
REPLACEnon-reserved   
REPLICAnon-reserved   
REQUIRING non-reservednon-reserved 
RESETnon-reserved   
RESPECT non-reservednon-reserved 
RESTARTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
RESTORE non-reservednon-reserved 
RESTRICTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
RESULT reservedreserved 
RETURNnon-reservedreservedreserved 
RETURNED_CARDINALITY non-reservednon-reserved 
RETURNED_LENGTH non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
RETURNED_​OCTET_​LENGTH non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
RETURNED_SQLSTATE non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
RETURNINGreserved, requires ASnon-reservednon-reserved 
RETURNSnon-reservedreservedreserved 
REVOKEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
RIGHTreserved (can be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
ROLEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
ROLLBACKnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
ROLLUPnon-reservedreservedreserved 
ROUTINEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
ROUTINESnon-reserved   
ROUTINE_CATALOG non-reservednon-reserved 
ROUTINE_NAME non-reservednon-reserved 
ROUTINE_SCHEMA non-reservednon-reserved 
ROWnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
ROWSnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
ROW_COUNT non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
ROW_NUMBER reservedreserved 
RPAD reserved  
RTRIM reserved  
RULEnon-reserved   
RUNNING reservedreserved 
SAVEPOINTnon-reservedreservedreserved 
SCALARnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
SCALE non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
SCHEMAnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
SCHEMASnon-reserved   
SCHEMA_NAME non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
SCOPE reservedreserved 
SCOPE_CATALOG non-reservednon-reserved 
SCOPE_NAME non-reservednon-reserved 
SCOPE_SCHEMA non-reservednon-reserved 
SCROLLnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
SEARCHnon-reservedreservedreserved 
SECONDnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
SECTION non-reservednon-reservedreserved
SECURITYnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
SEEK reservedreserved 
SELECTreservedreservedreservedreserved
SELECTIVE non-reservednon-reserved 
SELF non-reservednon-reserved 
SEMANTICS non-reservednon-reserved 
SENSITIVE reservedreserved 
SEQUENCEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
SEQUENCESnon-reserved   
SERIALIZABLEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
SERVERnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
SERVER_NAME non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
SESSIONnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
SESSION_USERreservedreservedreservedreserved
SETnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
SETOFnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)   
SETSnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
SHAREnon-reserved   
SHOWnon-reservedreservedreserved 
SIMILARreserved (can be function or type)reservedreserved 
SIMPLEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
SIN reservedreserved 
SINH reservedreserved 
SIZE non-reservednon-reservedreserved
SKIPnon-reservedreservedreserved 
SMALLINTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
SNAPSHOTnon-reserved   
SOMEreservedreservedreservedreserved
SORT_DIRECTION non-reservednon-reserved 
SOURCE non-reservednon-reserved 
SPACE non-reservednon-reservedreserved
SPECIFIC reservedreserved 
SPECIFICTYPE reservedreserved 
SPECIFIC_NAME non-reservednon-reserved 
SQLnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
SQLCODE   reserved
SQLERROR   reserved
SQLEXCEPTION reservedreserved 
SQLSTATE reservedreservedreserved
SQLWARNING reservedreserved 
SQRT reservedreserved 
STABLEnon-reserved   
STANDALONEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
STARTnon-reservedreservedreserved 
STATE non-reservednon-reserved 
STATEMENTnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
STATIC reservedreserved 
STATISTICSnon-reserved   
STDDEV_POP reservedreserved 
STDDEV_SAMP reservedreserved 
STDINnon-reserved   
STDOUTnon-reserved   
STORAGEnon-reserved   
STOREDnon-reserved   
STRICTnon-reserved   
STRING non-reservednon-reserved 
STRIPnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
STRUCTURE non-reservednon-reserved 
STYLE non-reservednon-reserved 
SUBCLASS_ORIGIN non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
SUBMULTISET reservedreserved 
SUBSCRIPTIONnon-reserved   
SUBSET reservedreserved 
SUBSTRINGnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
SUBSTRING_REGEX reservedreserved 
SUCCEEDS reservedreserved 
SUM reservedreservedreserved
SUPPORTnon-reserved   
SYMMETRICreservedreservedreserved 
SYSIDnon-reserved   
SYSTEMnon-reservedreservedreserved 
SYSTEM_TIME reservedreserved 
SYSTEM_USERreservedreservedreservedreserved
T non-reservednon-reserved 
TABLEreservedreservedreservedreserved
TABLESnon-reserved   
TABLESAMPLEreserved (can be function or type)reservedreserved 
TABLESPACEnon-reserved   
TABLE_NAME non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
TAN reservedreserved 
TANH reservedreserved 
TEMPnon-reserved   
TEMPLATEnon-reserved   
TEMPORARYnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
TEXTnon-reserved   
THENreservedreservedreservedreserved
THROUGH non-reservednon-reserved 
TIESnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
TIMEnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
TIMESTAMPnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
TIMEZONE_HOUR reservedreservedreserved
TIMEZONE_MINUTE reservedreservedreserved
TOreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
TOKEN non-reservednon-reserved 
TOP_LEVEL_COUNT non-reservednon-reserved 
TRAILINGreservedreservedreservedreserved
TRANSACTIONnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
TRANSACTIONS_​COMMITTED non-reservednon-reserved 
TRANSACTIONS_​ROLLED_​BACK non-reservednon-reserved 
TRANSACTION_ACTIVE non-reservednon-reserved 
TRANSFORMnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
TRANSFORMS non-reservednon-reserved 
TRANSLATE reservedreservedreserved
TRANSLATE_REGEX reservedreserved 
TRANSLATION reservedreservedreserved
TREATnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
TRIGGERnon-reservedreservedreserved 
TRIGGER_CATALOG non-reservednon-reserved 
TRIGGER_NAME non-reservednon-reserved 
TRIGGER_SCHEMA non-reservednon-reserved 
TRIMnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
TRIM_ARRAY reservedreserved 
TRUEreservedreservedreservedreserved
TRUNCATEnon-reservedreservedreserved 
TRUSTEDnon-reserved   
TYPEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
TYPESnon-reserved   
UESCAPEnon-reservedreservedreserved 
UNBOUNDEDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
UNCOMMITTEDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
UNCONDITIONAL non-reservednon-reserved 
UNDER non-reservednon-reserved 
UNENCRYPTEDnon-reserved   
UNIONreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
UNIQUEreservedreservedreservedreserved
UNKNOWNnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
UNLINK non-reservednon-reserved 
UNLISTENnon-reserved   
UNLOGGEDnon-reserved   
UNMATCHED non-reservednon-reserved 
UNNAMED non-reservednon-reservednon-reserved
UNNEST reservedreserved 
UNTILnon-reserved   
UNTYPED non-reservednon-reserved 
UPDATEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
UPPER reservedreservedreserved
URI non-reservednon-reserved 
USAGE non-reservednon-reservedreserved
USERreservedreservedreservedreserved
USER_​DEFINED_​TYPE_​CATALOG non-reservednon-reserved 
USER_​DEFINED_​TYPE_​CODE non-reservednon-reserved 
USER_​DEFINED_​TYPE_​NAME non-reservednon-reserved 
USER_​DEFINED_​TYPE_​SCHEMA non-reservednon-reserved 
USINGreservedreservedreservedreserved
UTF16 non-reservednon-reserved 
UTF32 non-reservednon-reserved 
UTF8 non-reservednon-reserved 
VACUUMnon-reserved   
VALIDnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
VALIDATEnon-reserved   
VALIDATORnon-reserved   
VALUEnon-reservedreservedreservedreserved
VALUESnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
VALUE_OF reservedreserved 
VARBINARY reservedreserved 
VARCHARnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreservedreserved
VARIADICreserved   
VARYINGnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
VAR_POP reservedreserved 
VAR_SAMP reservedreserved 
VERBOSEreserved (can be function or type)   
VERSIONnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
VERSIONING reservedreserved 
VIEWnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
VIEWSnon-reserved   
VOLATILEnon-reserved   
WHENreservedreservedreservedreserved
WHENEVER reservedreservedreserved
WHEREreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
WHITESPACEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
WIDTH_BUCKET reservedreserved 
WINDOWreserved, requires ASreservedreserved 
WITHreserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
WITHINnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreserved 
WITHOUTnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreserved 
WORKnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
WRAPPERnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
WRITEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved
XMLnon-reservedreservedreserved 
XMLAGG reservedreserved 
XMLATTRIBUTESnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
XMLBINARY reservedreserved 
XMLCAST reservedreserved 
XMLCOMMENT reservedreserved 
XMLCONCATnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
XMLDECLARATION non-reservednon-reserved 
XMLDOCUMENT reservedreserved 
XMLELEMENTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
XMLEXISTSnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
XMLFORESTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
XMLITERATE reservedreserved 
XMLNAMESPACESnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
XMLPARSEnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
XMLPInon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
XMLQUERY reservedreserved 
XMLROOTnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)   
XMLSCHEMA non-reservednon-reserved 
XMLSERIALIZEnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
XMLTABLEnon-reserved (cannot be function or type)reservedreserved 
XMLTEXT reservedreserved 
XMLVALIDATE reservedreserved 
YEARnon-reserved, requires ASreservedreservedreserved
YESnon-reservednon-reservednon-reserved 
ZONEnon-reservednon-reservednon-reservedreserved