CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE — create a new database
Synopsis
CREATE DATABASEname
[ WITH ] [ OWNER [=]user_name
] [ TEMPLATE [=]template
] [ ENCODING [=]encoding
] [ STRATEGY [=]strategy
] [ LOCALE [=]locale
] [ LC_COLLATE [=]lc_collate
] [ LC_CTYPE [=]lc_ctype
] [ ICU_LOCALE [=]icu_locale
] [ ICU_RULES [=]icu_rules
] [ LOCALE_PROVIDER [=]locale_provider
] [ COLLATION_VERSION =collation_version
] [ TABLESPACE [=]tablespace_name
] [ ALLOW_CONNECTIONS [=]allowconn
] [ CONNECTION LIMIT [=]connlimit
] [ IS_TEMPLATE [=]istemplate
] [ OID [=]oid
]
Description
CREATE DATABASE
creates a new PostgreSQL database.
To create a database, you must be a superuser or have the special CREATEDB
privilege. See CREATE ROLE.
By default, the new database will be created by cloning the standard system database template1
. A different template can be specified by writing TEMPLATE
. In particular, by writing name
TEMPLATE template0
, you can create a pristine database (one where no user-defined objects exist and where the system objects have not been altered) containing only the standard objects predefined by your version of PostgreSQL. This is useful if you wish to avoid copying any installation-local objects that might have been added to template1
.
Parameters
name
#The name of a database to create.
user_name
#The role name of the user who will own the new database, or
DEFAULT
to use the default (namely, the user executing the command). To create a database owned by another role, you must be able toSET ROLE
to that role.template
#The name of the template from which to create the new database, or
DEFAULT
to use the default template (template1
).encoding
#Character set encoding to use in the new database. Specify a string constant (e.g.,
'SQL_ASCII'
), or an integer encoding number, orDEFAULT
to use the default encoding (namely, the encoding of the template database). The character sets supported by the PostgreSQL server are described in Section 24.3.1. See below for additional restrictions.strategy
#Strategy to be used in creating the new database. If the
WAL_LOG
strategy is used, the database will be copied block by block and each block will be separately written to the write-ahead log. This is the most efficient strategy in cases where the template database is small, and therefore it is the default. The olderFILE_COPY
strategy is also available. This strategy writes a small record to the write-ahead log for each tablespace used by the target database. Each such record represents copying an entire directory to a new location at the filesystem level. While this does reduce the write-ahead log volume substantially, especially if the template database is large, it also forces the system to perform a checkpoint both before and after the creation of the new database. In some situations, this may have a noticeable negative impact on overall system performance.locale
#Sets the default collation order and character classification in the new database. Collation affects the sort order applied to strings, e.g., in queries with
ORDER BY
, as well as the order used in indexes on text columns. Character classification affects the categorization of characters, e.g., lower, upper, and digit. Also sets the associated aspects of the operating system environment,LC_COLLATE
andLC_CTYPE
. The default is the same setting as the template database. See Section 24.2.2.3.1 and Section 24.2.2.3.2 for details.Can be overridden by setting
lc_collate
,lc_ctype
, oricu_locale
individually.Tip
The other locale settings lc_messages, lc_monetary, lc_numeric, and lc_time are not fixed per database and are not set by this command. If you want to make them the default for a specific database, you can use
ALTER DATABASE ... SET
.lc_collate
#Sets
LC_COLLATE
in the database server's operating system environment. The default is the setting oflocale
if specified, otherwise the same setting as the template database. See below for additional restrictions.If
locale_provider
islibc
, also sets the default collation order to use in the new database, overriding the settinglocale
.lc_ctype
#Sets
LC_CTYPE
in the database server's operating system environment. The default is the setting oflocale
if specified, otherwise the same setting as the template database. See below for additional restrictions.If
locale_provider
islibc
, also sets the default character classification to use in the new database, overriding the settinglocale
.icu_locale
#Specifies the ICU locale (see Section 24.2.2.3.2) for the database default collation order and character classification, overriding the setting
locale
. The locale provider must be ICU. The default is the setting oflocale
if specified; otherwise the same setting as the template database.icu_rules
#Specifies additional collation rules to customize the behavior of the default collation of this database. This is supported for ICU only. See Section 24.2.3.4 for details.
locale_provider
#Specifies the provider to use for the default collation in this database. Possible values are
icu
(if the server was built with ICU support) orlibc
. By default, the provider is the same as that of thetemplate
. See Section 24.1.4 for details.collation_version
#Specifies the collation version string to store with the database. Normally, this should be omitted, which will cause the version to be computed from the actual version of the database collation as provided by the operating system. This option is intended to be used by
pg_upgrade
for copying the version from an existing installation.See also ALTER DATABASE for how to handle database collation version mismatches.
tablespace_name
#The name of the tablespace that will be associated with the new database, or
DEFAULT
to use the template database's tablespace. This tablespace will be the default tablespace used for objects created in this database. See CREATE TABLESPACE for more information.allowconn
#If false then no one can connect to this database. The default is true, allowing connections (except as restricted by other mechanisms, such as
GRANT
/REVOKE CONNECT
).connlimit
#How many concurrent connections can be made to this database. -1 (the default) means no limit.
istemplate
#If true, then this database can be cloned by any user with
CREATEDB
privileges; if false (the default), then only superusers or the owner of the database can clone it.oid
#The object identifier to be used for the new database. If this parameter is not specified, PostgreSQL will choose a suitable OID automatically. This parameter is primarily intended for internal use by pg_upgrade, and only pg_upgrade can specify a value less than 16384.
Optional parameters can be written in any order, not only the order illustrated above.
Notes
CREATE DATABASE
cannot be executed inside a transaction block.
Errors along the line of “could not initialize database directory” are most likely related to insufficient permissions on the data directory, a full disk, or other file system problems.
Use DROP DATABASE
to remove a database.
The program createdb is a wrapper program around this command, provided for convenience.
Database-level configuration parameters (set via ALTER DATABASE
) and database-level permissions (set via GRANT
) are not copied from the template database.
Although it is possible to copy a database other than template1
by specifying its name as the template, this is not (yet) intended as a general-purpose “COPY DATABASE
” facility. The principal limitation is that no other sessions can be connected to the template database while it is being copied. CREATE DATABASE
will fail if any other connection exists when it starts; otherwise, new connections to the template database are locked out until CREATE DATABASE
completes. See Section 23.3 for more information.
The character set encoding specified for the new database must be compatible with the chosen locale settings (LC_COLLATE
and LC_CTYPE
). If the locale is C
(or equivalently POSIX
), then all encodings are allowed, but for other locale settings there is only one encoding that will work properly. (On Windows, however, UTF-8 encoding can be used with any locale.) CREATE DATABASE
will allow superusers to specify SQL_ASCII
encoding regardless of the locale settings, but this choice is deprecated and may result in misbehavior of character-string functions if data that is not encoding-compatible with the locale is stored in the database.
The encoding and locale settings must match those of the template database, except when template0
is used as template. This is because other databases might contain data that does not match the specified encoding, or might contain indexes whose sort ordering is affected by LC_COLLATE
and LC_CTYPE
. Copying such data would result in a database that is corrupt according to the new settings. template0
, however, is known to not contain any data or indexes that would be affected.
There is currently no option to use a database locale with nondeterministic comparisons (see CREATE COLLATION
for an explanation). If this is needed, then per-column collations would need to be used.
The CONNECTION LIMIT
option is only enforced approximately; if two new sessions start at about the same time when just one connection “slot” remains for the database, it is possible that both will fail. Also, the limit is not enforced against superusers or background worker processes.
Examples
To create a new database:
CREATE DATABASE lusiadas;
To create a database sales
owned by user salesapp
with a default tablespace of salesspace
:
CREATE DATABASE sales OWNER salesapp TABLESPACE salesspace;
To create a database music
with a different locale:
CREATE DATABASE music LOCALE 'sv_SE.utf8' TEMPLATE template0;
In this example, the TEMPLATE template0
clause is required if the specified locale is different from the one in template1
. (If it is not, then specifying the locale explicitly is redundant.)
To create a database music2
with a different locale and a different character set encoding:
CREATE DATABASE music2 LOCALE 'sv_SE.iso885915' ENCODING LATIN9 TEMPLATE template0;
The specified locale and encoding settings must match, or an error will be reported.
Note that locale names are specific to the operating system, so that the above commands might not work in the same way everywhere.
Compatibility
There is no CREATE DATABASE
statement in the SQL standard. Databases are equivalent to catalogs, whose creation is implementation-defined.