9.4. String Functions and Operators
This section describes functions and operators for examining and manipulating string values. Strings in this context include values of the types character, character varying, and text. Except where noted, these functions and operators are declared to accept and return type text. They will interchangeably accept character varying arguments. Values of type character will be converted to text before the function or operator is applied, resulting in stripping any trailing spaces in the character value.
SQL defines some string functions that use key words, rather than commas, to separate arguments. Details are in Table 9.9. PostgreSQL also provides versions of these functions that use the regular function invocation syntax (see Table 9.10).
Note
The string concatenation operator (||) will accept non-string input, so long as at least one input is of string type, as shown in Table 9.9. For other cases, inserting an explicit coercion to text can be used to have non-string input accepted.
Table 9.9. SQL String Functions and Operators
Function/Operator Description Example(s) |
|---|
Concatenates the two strings.
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Converts the non-string input to text, then concatenates the two strings. (The non-string input cannot be of an array type, because that would create ambiguity with the array
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Checks whether the string is in the specified Unicode normalization form. The optional
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Returns number of bits in the string (8 times the
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Returns number of characters in the string.
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Converts the string to all lower case, according to the rules of the database's locale.
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Converts the string to the specified Unicode normalization form. The optional
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Returns number of bytes in the string.
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Returns number of bytes in the string. Since this version of the function accepts type
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Replaces the substring of
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Returns first starting index of the specified
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Extracts the substring of
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Extracts the first substring matching POSIX regular expression; see Section 9.7.3.
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Extracts the first substring matching SQL regular expression; see Section 9.7.2. The first form has been specified since SQL:2003; the second form was only in SQL:1999 and should be considered obsolete.
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Removes the longest string containing only characters in
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This is a non-standard syntax for
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Converts the string to all upper case, according to the rules of the database's locale.
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Additional string manipulation functions and operators are available and are listed in Table 9.10. (Some of these are used internally to implement the SQL-standard string functions listed in Table 9.9.) There are also pattern-matching operators, which are described in Section 9.7, and operators for full-text search, which are described in Chapter 12.
Table 9.10. Other String Functions and Operators
Function/Operator Description Example(s) |
|---|
Returns true if the first string starts with the second string (equivalent to the
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Returns the numeric code of the first character of the argument. In UTF8 encoding, returns the Unicode code point of the character. In other multibyte encodings, the argument must be an ASCII character.
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Removes the longest string containing only characters in
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Returns the character with the given code. In UTF8 encoding the argument is treated as a Unicode code point. In other multibyte encodings the argument must designate an ASCII character.
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Concatenates the text representations of all the arguments. NULL arguments are ignored.
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Concatenates all but the first argument, with separators. The first argument is used as the separator string, and should not be NULL. Other NULL arguments are ignored.
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Formats arguments according to a format string; see Section 9.4.1. This function is similar to the C function
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Converts the first letter of each word to upper case and the rest to lower case. Words are sequences of alphanumeric characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters.
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Returns first
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Returns the number of characters in the string.
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Extends the
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Removes the longest string containing only characters in
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Computes the MD5 hash of the argument, with the result written in hexadecimal.
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Splits
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Returns current client encoding name.
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Returns the given string suitably quoted to be used as an identifier in an SQL statement string. Quotes are added only if necessary (i.e., if the string contains non-identifier characters or would be case-folded). Embedded quotes are properly doubled. See also Example 43.1.
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Returns the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal in an SQL statement string. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled. Note that
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Converts the given value to text and then quotes it as a literal. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.
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Returns the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal in an SQL statement string; or, if the argument is null, returns
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Converts the given value to text and then quotes it as a literal; or, if the argument is null, returns
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Returns the number of times the POSIX regular expression
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Returns the position within
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Checks whether a match of the POSIX regular expression
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Returns substrings within the first match of the POSIX regular expression
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Returns substrings within the first match of the POSIX regular expression
{bar}
{baz}
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Replaces the substring that is the first match to the POSIX regular expression
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Replaces the substring that is the
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Splits
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Splits
hello world |
Returns the substring within
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Repeats
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Replaces all occurrences in
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Reverses the order of the characters in the string.
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Returns last
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Extends the
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Removes the longest string containing only characters in
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Splits
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Returns true if
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Splits the
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Splits the
xx NULL zz |
Returns first starting index of the specified
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Extracts the substring of
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Converts
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Converts the number to its equivalent hexadecimal representation.
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Replaces each character in
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Evaluate escaped Unicode characters in the argument. Unicode characters can be specified as If the server encoding is not UTF-8, the Unicode code point identified by one of these escape sequences is converted to the actual server encoding; an error is reported if that's not possible. This function provides a (non-standard) alternative to string constants with Unicode escapes (see Section 4.1.2.3).
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The concat, concat_ws and format functions are variadic, so it is possible to pass the values to be concatenated or formatted as an array marked with the VARIADIC keyword (see Section 38.5.6). The array's elements are treated as if they were separate ordinary arguments to the function. If the variadic array argument is NULL, concat and concat_ws return NULL, but format treats a NULL as a zero-element array.
See also the aggregate function string_agg in Section 9.21, and the functions for converting between strings and the bytea type in Table 9.13.
9.4.1. format
The function format produces output formatted according to a format string, in a style similar to the C function sprintf.
format(formatstrtext[,formatarg"any"[, ...] ])
formatstr is a format string that specifies how the result should be formatted. Text in the format string is copied directly to the result, except where format specifiers are used. Format specifiers act as placeholders in the string, defining how subsequent function arguments should be formatted and inserted into the result. Each formatarg argument is converted to text according to the usual output rules for its data type, and then formatted and inserted into the result string according to the format specifier(s).
Format specifiers are introduced by a % character and have the form
%[position][flags][width]type
where the component fields are:
position(optional)A string of the form
n$nis the index of the argument to print. Index 1 means the first argument afterformatstr. If thepositionis omitted, the default is to use the next argument in sequence.flags(optional)Additional options controlling how the format specifier's output is formatted. Currently the only supported flag is a minus sign (
-) which will cause the format specifier's output to be left-justified. This has no effect unless thewidthfield is also specified.width(optional)Specifies the minimum number of characters to use to display the format specifier's output. The output is padded on the left or right (depending on the
-flag) with spaces as needed to fill the width. A too-small width does not cause truncation of the output, but is simply ignored. The width may be specified using any of the following: a positive integer; an asterisk (*) to use the next function argument as the width; or a string of the form*to use then$nth function argument as the width.If the width comes from a function argument, that argument is consumed before the argument that is used for the format specifier's value. If the width argument is negative, the result is left aligned (as if the
-flag had been specified) within a field of lengthabs(width).type(required)The type of format conversion to use to produce the format specifier's output. The following types are supported:
sformats the argument value as a simple string. A null value is treated as an empty string.Itreats the argument value as an SQL identifier, double-quoting it if necessary. It is an error for the value to be null (equivalent toquote_ident).Lquotes the argument value as an SQL literal. A null value is displayed as the stringNULL, without quotes (equivalent toquote_nullable).
In addition to the format specifiers described above, the special sequence %% may be used to output a literal % character.
Here are some examples of the basic format conversions:
SELECT format('Hello %s', 'World');
Result: Hello World
SELECT format('Testing %s, %s, %s, %%', 'one', 'two', 'three');
Result: Testing one, two, three, %
SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'Foo bar', E'O\'Reilly');
Result: INSERT INTO "Foo bar" VALUES('O''Reilly')
SELECT format('INSERT INTO %I VALUES(%L)', 'locations', 'C:\Program Files');
Result: INSERT INTO locations VALUES('C:\Program Files')
Here are examples using width fields and the - flag:
SELECT format('|%10s|', 'foo');
Result: | foo|
SELECT format('|%-10s|', 'foo');
Result: |foo |
SELECT format('|%*s|', 10, 'foo');
Result: | foo|
SELECT format('|%*s|', -10, 'foo');
Result: |foo |
SELECT format('|%-*s|', 10, 'foo');
Result: |foo |
SELECT format('|%-*s|', -10, 'foo');
Result: |foo |
These examples show use of position fields:
SELECT format('Testing %3$s, %2$s, %1$s', 'one', 'two', 'three');
Result: Testing three, two, one
SELECT format('|%*2$s|', 'foo', 10, 'bar');
Result: | bar|
SELECT format('|%1$*2$s|', 'foo', 10, 'bar');
Result: | foo|
Unlike the standard C function sprintf, PostgreSQL's format function allows format specifiers with and without position fields to be mixed in the same format string. A format specifier without a position field always uses the next argument after the last argument consumed. In addition, the format function does not require all function arguments to be used in the format string. For example:
SELECT format('Testing %3$s, %2$s, %s', 'one', 'two', 'three');
Result: Testing three, two, three
The %I and %L format specifiers are particularly useful for safely constructing dynamic SQL statements. See Example 43.1.