Re: [PATCH] Add enable_copy_program GUC to control COPY PROGRAM - Mailing list pgsql-hackers

On Wed, Dec 3, 2025 at 4:08 PM Ignat Remizov <ignat980@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> Hi Postgres hackers,
>
> Attached is a patch that introduces a new server-level configuration
> parameter, "enable_copy_program", that allows administrators to disable
> COPY ... PROGRAM functionality at the PostgreSQL server level.
>
>
> MOTIVATION
> ==========
>
> COPY ... PROGRAM is a powerful feature that allows executing arbitrary
> shell commands from within PostgreSQL. While access is controlled via
> the pg_execute_server_program role, some deployments may want to
> completely disable this capability as a defense-in-depth measure.
> This GUC provides that option.
>
> In practice, COPY ... PROGRAM is a common code execution vector in
> PostgreSQL-based attacks. It is:
>
>   - Simple to use (single SQL statement)
>   - Requires no additional extensions or setup
>   - Frequently targeted by automated botnets and malware campaigns
>   - Often the first technique attempted by attackers who gain superuser access
>
> While this GUC is not a comprehensive security solution, it serves as a
> mitigating control that removes some of the lowest-hanging fruit for
> attackers.
>
>
> IMPORTANT SECURITY CONTEXT
> ==========================
>
> This is a mitigating control, not a security boundary.
>
> There is ongoing ecosystem friction around the disputed CVE-2019-9193 entry
> in the NVD. The PostgreSQL Security Team has stated that this CVE does not
> represent a security bug in PostgreSQL and was filed in error, but NVD and
> other CVE databases still list it as a remote code execution issue via COPY
> TO/FROM PROGRAM, and several commercial scanners and IDS/IPS signatures treat
> it as a high-severity vulnerability. This patch is not intended as a fix for
> that CVE; it simply provides an explicit configuration knob for administrators
> whose security tooling or policies require disabling program execution via COPY.
>
> Superusers retain multiple other avenues for executing operating system
> commands, including but not limited to:
>
>   - Untrusted procedural languages (CREATE EXTENSION plpythonu, plperlu, etc.)
>   - Custom extensions that provide shell access
>   - The LOAD command to load arbitrary shared libraries
>   - pg_read_file() / pg_write_file() combined with other techniques
>   - Foreign data wrappers with program execution capabilities
>   - Background workers in custom extensions
>
> Disabling COPY ... PROGRAM does NOT make PostgreSQL secure against a
> malicious superuser. However, it does:
>
>   1. Block a very common and highly automated attack vector – many botnet
>      payloads and exploit scripts specifically target COPY ... PROGRAM
>      because it requires no prerequisites.
>
>   2. Raise the bar for exploitation – attackers must use more complex,
>      less portable, or more detectable methods.
>
>   3. Reduce drive-by attacks – automated scanners and opportunistic
>      attackers often give up when their standard payload fails.
>
>   4. Help meet compliance requirements – some security frameworks mandate
>      disabling specific high-risk features.
>
>   5. Provide defense in depth – one layer in a broader security strategy.
>

If pg_execute_server_program is not granted to any user, the
functionality is already disabled right? Why do we need additional GUC
to enable/disable this feature?

--
Best Wishes,
Ashutosh Bapat