No Definitive Proof: Without logs, you cannot get a timestamped log entry saying "pg_restore started/finished." All these methods provide indirect evidence.
Requires Prior Knowledge: Most effective indicators rely on you having some memory or previous records of the database's state (e.g., typical sequence values, expected bloat, average last-vacuum times).
Other Causes: Some of these patterns (like recent statistics) could also be caused by an aggressive VACUUM FULL, a major data import through other means, or an application bug that resets sequences.
Conclusion
The most reliable indicators without direct logs are a sudden and uniform resetting of last_vacuum/last_analyze timestamps to NULL or very recent values across all user tables, combined with a potential change in object OIDs (if you tracked them) or unexpected sequence values. If you see most of your tables
