The Soundex system is a method of matching similar-sounding names by converting them to the same code. It was initially used by the United States Census in 1880, 1900, and 1910. Note that Soundex is not very useful for non-English names.

The fuzzystrmatch module provides two functions for working with Soundex codes:

soundex(text) returns text
difference(text, text) returns int

The soundex function converts a string to its Soundex code. The difference function converts two strings to their Soundex codes and then reports the number of matching code positions. Since Soundex codes have four characters, the result ranges from zero to four, with zero being no match and four being an exact match. (Thus, the function is misnamed — similarity would have been a better name.)

Here are some usage examples:

SELECT soundex('hello world!');

SELECT soundex('Anne'), soundex('Ann'), difference('Anne', 'Ann');
SELECT soundex('Anne'), soundex('Andrew'), difference('Anne', 'Andrew');
SELECT soundex('Anne'), soundex('Margaret'), difference('Anne', 'Margaret');

CREATE TABLE s (nm text);

INSERT INTO s VALUES ('john');
INSERT INTO s VALUES ('joan');
INSERT INTO s VALUES ('wobbly');
INSERT INTO s VALUES ('jack');

SELECT * FROM s WHERE soundex(nm) = soundex('john');

SELECT * FROM s WHERE difference(s.nm, 'john') > 2;

Like the original Soundex system, Daitch-Mokotoff Soundex matches similar-sounding names by converting them to the same code. However, Daitch-Mokotoff Soundex is significantly more useful for non-English names than the original system. Major improvements over the original system include:

This function generates the Daitch-Mokotoff soundex codes for its input:

daitch_mokotoff(source text) returns text[]

The result may contain one or more codes depending on how many plausible pronunciations there are, so it is represented as an array.

Since a Daitch-Mokotoff soundex code consists of only 6 digits, source should be preferably a single word or name.

Here are some examples:

SELECT daitch_mokotoff('George');
 daitch_mokotoff
-----------------
 {595000}

SELECT daitch_mokotoff('John');
 daitch_mokotoff
-----------------
 {160000,460000}

SELECT daitch_mokotoff('Bierschbach');
                      daitch_mokotoff
-----------------------------------------------------------
 {794575,794574,794750,794740,745750,745740,747500,747400}

SELECT daitch_mokotoff('Schwartzenegger');
 daitch_mokotoff
-----------------
 {479465}

For matching of single names, returned text arrays can be matched directly using the && operator: any overlap can be considered a match. A GIN index may be used for efficiency, see Chapter 67 and this example:

CREATE TABLE s (nm text);
CREATE INDEX ix_s_dm ON s USING gin (daitch_mokotoff(nm)) WITH (fastupdate = off);

INSERT INTO s (nm) VALUES
  ('Schwartzenegger'),
  ('John'),
  ('James'),
  ('Steinman'),
  ('Steinmetz');

SELECT * FROM s WHERE daitch_mokotoff(nm) && daitch_mokotoff('Swartzenegger');
SELECT * FROM s WHERE daitch_mokotoff(nm) && daitch_mokotoff('Jane');
SELECT * FROM s WHERE daitch_mokotoff(nm) && daitch_mokotoff('Jens');

For indexing and matching of any number of names in any order, Full Text Search features can be used. See Chapter 12 and this example:

CREATE FUNCTION soundex_tsvector(v_name text) RETURNS tsvector
BEGIN ATOMIC
  SELECT to_tsvector('simple',
                     string_agg(array_to_string(daitch_mokotoff(n), ' '), ' '))
  FROM regexp_split_to_table(v_name, '\s+') AS n;
END;

CREATE FUNCTION soundex_tsquery(v_name text) RETURNS tsquery
BEGIN ATOMIC
  SELECT string_agg('(' || array_to_string(daitch_mokotoff(n), '|') || ')', '&')::tsquery
  FROM regexp_split_to_table(v_name, '\s+') AS n;
END;

CREATE TABLE s (nm text);
CREATE INDEX ix_s_txt ON s USING gin (soundex_tsvector(nm)) WITH (fastupdate = off);

INSERT INTO s (nm) VALUES
  ('John Doe'),
  ('Jane Roe'),
  ('Public John Q.'),
  ('George Best'),
  ('John Yamson');

SELECT * FROM s WHERE soundex_tsvector(nm) @@ soundex_tsquery('john');
SELECT * FROM s WHERE soundex_tsvector(nm) @@ soundex_tsquery('jane doe');
SELECT * FROM s WHERE soundex_tsvector(nm) @@ soundex_tsquery('john public');
SELECT * FROM s WHERE soundex_tsvector(nm) @@ soundex_tsquery('besst, giorgio');
SELECT * FROM s WHERE soundex_tsvector(nm) @@ soundex_tsquery('Jameson John');

If it is desired to avoid recalculation of soundex codes during index rechecks, an index on a separate column can be used instead of an index on an expression. A stored generated column can be used for this; see Section 5.3.

This function calculates the Levenshtein distance between two strings:

levenshtein(source text, target text, ins_cost int, del_cost int, sub_cost int) returns int
levenshtein(source text, target text) returns int
levenshtein_less_equal(source text, target text, ins_cost int, del_cost int, sub_cost int, max_d int) returns int
levenshtein_less_equal(source text, target text, max_d int) returns int

Both source and target can be any non-null string, with a maximum of 255 characters. The cost parameters specify how much to charge for a character insertion, deletion, or substitution, respectively. You can omit the cost parameters, as in the second version of the function; in that case they all default to 1.

levenshtein_less_equal is an accelerated version of the Levenshtein function for use when only small distances are of interest. If the actual distance is less than or equal to max_d, then levenshtein_less_equal returns the correct distance; otherwise it returns some value greater than max_d. If max_d is negative then the behavior is the same as levenshtein.

Examples:

test=# SELECT levenshtein('GUMBO', 'GAMBOL');
 levenshtein
-------------
           2
(1 row)

test=# SELECT levenshtein('GUMBO', 'GAMBOL', 2, 1, 1);
 levenshtein
-------------
           3
(1 row)

test=# SELECT levenshtein_less_equal('extensive', 'exhaustive', 2);
 levenshtein_less_equal
------------------------
                      3
(1 row)

test=# SELECT levenshtein_less_equal('extensive', 'exhaustive', 4);
 levenshtein_less_equal
------------------------
                      4
(1 row)

Metaphone, like Soundex, is based on the idea of constructing a representative code for an input string. Two strings are then deemed similar if they have the same codes.

This function calculates the metaphone code of an input string:

metaphone(source text, max_output_length int) returns text

source has to be a non-null string with a maximum of 255 characters. max_output_length sets the maximum length of the output metaphone code; if longer, the output is truncated to this length.

Example:

test=# SELECT metaphone('GUMBO', 4);
 metaphone
-----------
 KM
(1 row)

The Double Metaphone system computes two “sounds like” strings for a given input string — a “primary” and an “alternate”. In most cases they are the same, but for non-English names especially they can be a bit different, depending on pronunciation. These functions compute the primary and alternate codes:

dmetaphone(source text) returns text
dmetaphone_alt(source text) returns text

There is no length limit on the input strings.

Example:

test=# SELECT dmetaphone('gumbo');
 dmetaphone
------------
 KMP
(1 row)