Index: src/backend/commands/copy.c
===================================================================
RCS file: /projects/cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/commands/copy.c,v
retrieving revision 1.244
diff -u -r1.244 copy.c
--- src/backend/commands/copy.c 7 May 2005 02:22:46 -0000 1.244
+++ src/backend/commands/copy.c 13 May 2005 22:21:00 -0000
@@ -84,6 +84,16 @@
EOL_CRNL
} EolType;
+/*
+ * Represents the format of the file to be read or written
+ */
+typedef enum CopyFmt
+{
+ FMT_TXT,
+ FMT_BIN,
+ FMT_CSV,
+ FMT_XML
+} CopyFmt;
static const char BinarySignature[11] = "PGCOPY\n\377\r\n\0";
@@ -129,14 +139,14 @@
static bool line_buf_converted;
/* non-export function prototypes */
-static void DoCopyTo(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, bool binary, bool oids,
- char *delim, char *null_print, bool csv_mode, char *quote,
+static void DoCopyTo(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, CopyFmt fmt, bool oids,
+ char *delim, char *null_print, char *quote,
char *escape, List *force_quote_atts, bool header_line, bool fe_copy);
-static void CopyTo(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, bool binary, bool oids,
- char *delim, char *null_print, bool csv_mode, char *quote, char *escape,
+static void CopyTo(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, CopyFmt fmt, bool oids,
+ char *delim, char *null_print, char *quote, char *escape,
List *force_quote_atts, bool header_line);
-static void CopyFrom(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, bool binary, bool oids,
- char *delim, char *null_print, bool csv_mode, char *quote, char *escape,
+static void CopyFrom(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, CopyFmt fmt, bool oids,
+ char *delim, char *null_print, char *quote, char *escape,
List *force_notnull_atts, bool header_line);
static bool CopyReadLine(char * quote, char * escape);
static char *CopyReadAttribute(const char *delim, const char *null_print,
@@ -171,6 +181,11 @@
static void CopySendInt16(int16 val);
static int16 CopyGetInt16(void);
+static int GetDecimalFromHex(char hex);
+
+static void CopyAttributeOutXML (char *colname, char *string);
+static void CopySendStringXML(char *string);
+static char *CopyGetXMLEntity(char c, char *buf);
/*
* Send copy start/stop messages for frontend copies. These have changed
@@ -692,10 +707,9 @@
List *attnamelist = stmt->attlist;
List *attnumlist;
bool fe_copy = false;
- bool binary = false;
bool oids = false;
- bool csv_mode = false;
- bool header_line = false;
+ bool header_line = false;
+ CopyFmt fmt = FMT_TXT;
char *delim = NULL;
char *quote = NULL;
char *escape = NULL;
@@ -715,11 +729,11 @@
if (strcmp(defel->defname, "binary") == 0)
{
- if (binary)
+ if (fmt != FMT_TXT)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
errmsg("conflicting or redundant options")));
- binary = intVal(defel->arg);
+ fmt = FMT_BIN;
}
else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "oids") == 0)
{
@@ -747,11 +761,19 @@
}
else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "csv") == 0)
{
- if (csv_mode)
+ if (fmt != FMT_TXT)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
errmsg("conflicting or redundant options")));
- csv_mode = intVal(defel->arg);
+ fmt = FMT_CSV;
+ }
+ else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "xml") == 0)
+ {
+ if (fmt != FMT_TXT)
+ ereport(ERROR,
+ (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+ errmsg("conflicting or redundant options")));
+ fmt = FMT_XML;
}
else if (strcmp(defel->defname, "header") == 0)
{
@@ -798,29 +820,39 @@
defel->defname);
}
- if (binary && delim)
+ if (fmt == FMT_BIN && delim)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
errmsg("cannot specify DELIMITER in BINARY mode")));
- if (binary && csv_mode)
+ if (fmt == FMT_BIN && null_print)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
- errmsg("cannot specify CSV in BINARY mode")));
+ errmsg("cannot specify NULL in BINARY mode")));
- if (binary && null_print)
+ if (fmt == FMT_XML && is_from)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
- errmsg("cannot specify NULL in BINARY mode")));
+ errmsg("XML mode is not available in COPY FROM")));
+
+ if (fmt == FMT_XML && delim)
+ ereport(ERROR,
+ (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+ errmsg("cannot specify DELIMITER in XML mode")));
+
+ if (fmt == FMT_XML && null_print)
+ ereport(ERROR,
+ (errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+ errmsg("cannot specify NULL in XML mode")));
/* Set defaults */
if (!delim)
- delim = csv_mode ? "," : "\t";
+ delim = (fmt == FMT_CSV) ? "," : "\t";
if (!null_print)
- null_print = csv_mode ? "" : "\\N";
+ null_print = (fmt == FMT_CSV) ? "" : "\\N";
- if (csv_mode)
+ if (fmt == FMT_CSV)
{
if (!quote)
quote = "\"";
@@ -835,35 +867,35 @@
errmsg("COPY delimiter must be a single character")));
/* Check header */
- if (!csv_mode && header_line)
+ if (fmt != FMT_CSV && header_line)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("COPY HEADER available only in CSV mode")));
/* Check quote */
- if (!csv_mode && quote != NULL)
+ if (fmt != FMT_CSV && quote != NULL)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("COPY quote available only in CSV mode")));
- if (csv_mode && strlen(quote) != 1)
+ if (fmt == FMT_CSV && strlen(quote) != 1)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("COPY quote must be a single character")));
/* Check escape */
- if (!csv_mode && escape != NULL)
+ if (fmt != FMT_CSV && escape != NULL)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("COPY escape available only in CSV mode")));
- if (csv_mode && strlen(escape) != 1)
+ if (fmt == FMT_CSV && strlen(escape) != 1)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("COPY escape must be a single character")));
/* Check force_quote */
- if (!csv_mode && force_quote != NIL)
+ if (fmt != FMT_CSV && force_quote != NIL)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("COPY force quote available only in CSV mode")));
@@ -873,7 +905,7 @@
errmsg("COPY force quote only available using COPY TO")));
/* Check force_notnull */
- if (!csv_mode && force_notnull != NIL)
+ if (fmt != FMT_CSV && force_notnull != NIL)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("COPY force not null available only in CSV mode")));
@@ -889,7 +921,7 @@
errmsg("COPY delimiter must not appear in the NULL specification")));
/* Don't allow the csv quote char to appear in the null string. */
- if (csv_mode && strchr(null_print, quote[0]) != NULL)
+ if (fmt == FMT_CSV && strchr(null_print, quote[0]) != NULL)
ereport(ERROR,
(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
errmsg("CSV quote character must not appear in the NULL specification")));
@@ -1004,7 +1036,7 @@
if (pipe)
{
if (whereToSendOutput == Remote)
- ReceiveCopyBegin(binary, list_length(attnumlist));
+ ReceiveCopyBegin(fmt == FMT_BIN, list_length(attnumlist));
else
copy_file = stdin;
}
@@ -1029,7 +1061,7 @@
errmsg("\"%s\" is a directory", filename)));
}
}
- CopyFrom(rel, attnumlist, binary, oids, delim, null_print, csv_mode,
+ CopyFrom(rel, attnumlist, fmt, oids, delim, null_print,
quote, escape, force_notnull_atts, header_line);
}
else
@@ -1093,7 +1125,7 @@
}
}
- DoCopyTo(rel, attnumlist, binary, oids, delim, null_print, csv_mode,
+ DoCopyTo(rel, attnumlist, fmt, oids, delim, null_print,
quote, escape, force_quote_atts, header_line, fe_copy);
}
@@ -1124,20 +1156,20 @@
* so we don't need to plaster a lot of variables with "volatile".
*/
static void
-DoCopyTo(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, bool binary, bool oids,
- char *delim, char *null_print, bool csv_mode, char *quote,
+DoCopyTo(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, CopyFmt fmt, bool oids,
+ char *delim, char *null_print, char *quote,
char *escape, List *force_quote_atts, bool header_line, bool fe_copy)
{
PG_TRY();
{
if (fe_copy)
- SendCopyBegin(binary, list_length(attnumlist));
+ SendCopyBegin(fmt == FMT_BIN, list_length(attnumlist));
- CopyTo(rel, attnumlist, binary, oids, delim, null_print, csv_mode,
+ CopyTo(rel, attnumlist, fmt, oids, delim, null_print,
quote, escape, force_quote_atts, header_line);
if (fe_copy)
- SendCopyEnd(binary);
+ SendCopyEnd(fmt == FMT_BIN);
}
PG_CATCH();
{
@@ -1156,8 +1188,8 @@
* Copy from relation TO file.
*/
static void
-CopyTo(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, bool binary, bool oids,
- char *delim, char *null_print, bool csv_mode, char *quote,
+CopyTo(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, CopyFmt fmt, bool oids,
+ char *delim, char *null_print, char *quote,
char *escape, List *force_quote_atts, bool header_line)
{
HeapTuple tuple;
@@ -1187,7 +1219,7 @@
Oid out_func_oid;
bool isvarlena;
- if (binary)
+ if (fmt == FMT_BIN)
getTypeBinaryOutputInfo(attr[attnum - 1]->atttypid,
&out_func_oid,
&isvarlena);
@@ -1215,7 +1247,7 @@
ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_INITSIZE,
ALLOCSET_DEFAULT_MAXSIZE);
- if (binary)
+ if (fmt == FMT_BIN)
{
/* Generate header for a binary copy */
int32 tmp;
@@ -1233,6 +1265,14 @@
}
else
{
+ if (fmt == FMT_XML)
+ {
+ CopySendString("");
+ CopySendEndOfRow(false);
+ CopySendString("");
+ CopySendEndOfRow(false);
+ }
+
/*
* For non-binary copy, we need to convert null_print to client
* encoding, because it will be sent directly with CopySendString.
@@ -1262,7 +1302,7 @@
strcmp(colname, null_print) == 0);
}
- CopySendEndOfRow(binary);
+ CopySendEndOfRow(fmt == FMT_BIN);
}
}
@@ -1278,7 +1318,7 @@
MemoryContextReset(mycontext);
oldcontext = MemoryContextSwitchTo(mycontext);
- if (binary)
+ if (fmt == FMT_BIN)
{
/* Binary per-tuple header */
CopySendInt16(attr_count);
@@ -1294,25 +1334,34 @@
}
else
{
+ if (fmt == FMT_XML)
+ CopySendString("");
+
/* Text format has no per-tuple header, but send OID if wanted */
if (oids)
{
string = DatumGetCString(DirectFunctionCall1(oidout,
ObjectIdGetDatum(HeapTupleGetOid(tuple))));
- CopySendString(string);
+
+ if (fmt == FMT_XML)
+ CopyAttributeOutXML("oid", string);
+ else
+ CopySendString(string);
+
need_delim = true;
}
}
foreach(cur, attnumlist)
{
- int attnum = lfirst_int(cur);
+ int attnum = lfirst_int(cur);
Datum value;
bool isnull;
+ char *colname = NameStr(attr[attnum - 1]->attname);
value = heap_getattr(tuple, attnum, tupDesc, &isnull);
- if (!binary)
+ if (fmt == FMT_TXT || fmt == FMT_CSV)
{
if (need_delim)
CopySendChar(delim[0]);
@@ -1321,53 +1370,71 @@
if (isnull)
{
- if (!binary)
- CopySendString(null_print); /* null indicator */
- else
- CopySendInt32(-1); /* null marker */
+ switch (fmt)
+ {
+ case FMT_BIN:
+ CopySendInt32(-1); /* null marker */
+ break;
+ case FMT_XML:
+ CopyAttributeOutXML(colname, NULL); /* null entity */
+ break;
+ default:
+ CopySendString(null_print); /* null indicator */
+ break;
+ }
+
}
else
{
- if (!binary)
+ if (fmt == FMT_BIN)
{
- string = DatumGetCString(FunctionCall1(&out_functions[attnum - 1],
- value));
- if (csv_mode)
- {
- CopyAttributeOutCSV(string, delim, quote, escape,
- (strcmp(string, null_print) == 0 ||
- force_quote[attnum - 1]));
- }
- else
- CopyAttributeOut(string, delim);
-
+ bytea *outputbytes =
+ DatumGetByteaP(FunctionCall1(&out_functions[attnum - 1], value));
+ /* We assume the result will not have been toasted */
+ CopySendInt32(VARSIZE(outputbytes) - VARHDRSZ);
+ CopySendData(VARDATA(outputbytes), VARSIZE(outputbytes) - VARHDRSZ);
}
else
{
- bytea *outputbytes;
-
- outputbytes = DatumGetByteaP(FunctionCall1(&out_functions[attnum - 1],
- value));
- /* We assume the result will not have been toasted */
- CopySendInt32(VARSIZE(outputbytes) - VARHDRSZ);
- CopySendData(VARDATA(outputbytes),
- VARSIZE(outputbytes) - VARHDRSZ);
+ string = DatumGetCString(FunctionCall1(&out_functions[attnum - 1], value));
+ switch (fmt)
+ {
+ case FMT_CSV:
+ CopyAttributeOutCSV(string, delim, quote, escape,
+ (strcmp(string, null_print) == 0
+ || force_quote[attnum - 1]));
+ break;
+ case FMT_XML:
+ CopyAttributeOutXML(colname, string);
+ break;
+ default:
+ CopyAttributeOut(string, delim);
+ break;
+ }
}
}
}
- CopySendEndOfRow(binary);
+ if (fmt == FMT_XML)
+ CopySendString("
");
+
+ CopySendEndOfRow(fmt == FMT_BIN);
MemoryContextSwitchTo(oldcontext);
}
heap_endscan(scandesc);
- if (binary)
+ if (fmt == FMT_BIN)
{
/* Generate trailer for a binary copy */
CopySendInt16(-1);
}
+ else if (fmt == FMT_XML)
+ {
+ CopySendString("
");
+ CopySendEndOfRow(false);
+ }
MemoryContextDelete(mycontext);
@@ -1464,8 +1531,8 @@
* Copy FROM file to relation.
*/
static void
-CopyFrom(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, bool binary, bool oids,
- char *delim, char *null_print, bool csv_mode, char *quote,
+CopyFrom(Relation rel, List *attnumlist, CopyFmt fmt, bool oids,
+ char *delim, char *null_print, char *quote,
char *escape, List *force_notnull_atts, bool header_line)
{
HeapTuple tuple;
@@ -1549,7 +1616,7 @@
continue;
/* Fetch the input function and typioparam info */
- if (binary)
+ if (fmt == FMT_BIN)
getTypeBinaryInputInfo(attr[attnum - 1]->atttypid,
&in_func_oid, &typioparams[attnum - 1]);
else
@@ -1620,7 +1687,7 @@
*/
ExecBSInsertTriggers(estate, resultRelInfo);
- if (!binary)
+ if (fmt != FMT_BIN)
file_has_oids = oids; /* must rely on user to tell us this... */
else
{
@@ -1663,7 +1730,7 @@
}
}
- if (file_has_oids && binary)
+ if (file_has_oids && fmt == FMT_BIN)
{
getTypeBinaryInputInfo(OIDOID,
&in_func_oid, &oid_typioparam);
@@ -1681,7 +1748,7 @@
/* Initialize static variables */
fe_eof = false;
eol_type = EOL_UNKNOWN;
- copy_binary = binary;
+ copy_binary = (fmt == FMT_BIN);
copy_relname = RelationGetRelationName(rel);
copy_lineno = 0;
copy_attname = NULL;
@@ -1718,14 +1785,14 @@
MemSet(values, 0, num_phys_attrs * sizeof(Datum));
MemSet(nulls, 'n', num_phys_attrs * sizeof(char));
- if (!binary)
+ if (fmt != FMT_BIN)
{
CopyReadResult result = NORMAL_ATTR;
char *string;
ListCell *cur;
/* Actually read the line into memory here */
- done = csv_mode ?
+ done = (fmt == FMT_CSV) ?
CopyReadLine(quote, escape) : CopyReadLine(NULL, NULL);
/*
@@ -1776,7 +1843,7 @@
errmsg("missing data for column \"%s\"",
NameStr(attr[m]->attname))));
- if (csv_mode)
+ if (fmt == FMT_CSV)
{
string = CopyReadAttributeCSV(delim, null_print, quote,
escape, &result, &isnull);
@@ -1789,7 +1856,7 @@
string = CopyReadAttribute(delim, null_print,
&result, &isnull);
- if (csv_mode && isnull && force_notnull[m])
+ if (fmt == FMT_CSV && isnull && force_notnull[m])
{
string = null_print; /* set to NULL string */
isnull = false;
@@ -2275,6 +2342,27 @@
}
/*----------
+ * Returns decimal value for a hexadecimal digit.
+*----------
+ */
+static int GetDecimalFromHex(char hex)
+{
+ if (isdigit(hex))
+ {
+ // If it is a digit
+ return hex - '0';
+ }
+ if (hex < 'a')
+ {
+ return hex - 'A' + 10;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ return hex - 'a' + 10;
+ }
+}
+
+/*----------
* Read the value of a single attribute, performing de-escaping as needed.
*
* delim is the column delimiter string (must be just one byte for now).
@@ -2378,6 +2466,29 @@
case 'v':
c = '\v';
break;
+ case 'x':
+ case 'X':
+ if (line_buf.cursor < line_buf.len)
+ {
+ char hexchar = line_buf.data[line_buf.cursor];
+ if (isxdigit(hexchar))
+ {
+ int val = GetDecimalFromHex(hexchar);
+ line_buf.cursor++;
+ if (line_buf.cursor < line_buf.len)
+ {
+ hexchar = line_buf.data[line_buf.cursor];
+ if (isxdigit(hexchar))
+ {
+ line_buf.cursor++;
+ val = (val << 4) + GetDecimalFromHex(hexchar);
+ }
+ }
+
+ c = val & 0xff;
+ }
+ }
+ break;
/*
* in all other cases, take the char after '\'
@@ -2760,3 +2871,84 @@
return attnums;
}
+
+/*
+ * Send XML representation of one attribute, with element tagging, null
+ * marking, and entity escaping.
+ */
+
+static void
+CopyAttributeOutXML (char *colname, char *string)
+{
+ CopySendString("");
+
+ if (string != NULL)
+ CopySendStringXML(string);
+
+ CopySendString("");
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sends a string with entity escaping.
+ */
+
+static void
+CopySendStringXML (char *string)
+{
+ char *csr;
+ for (csr = string; *csr; ++csr)
+ {
+ char buf[10];
+ char *entity = CopyGetXMLEntity(*csr, buf);
+ if (entity)
+ CopySendString(entity);
+ else
+ CopySendChar(*csr);
+ }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Locates or creates an XML entity for the given character.
+ * If that character doesn't require an entity, then the
+ * function returns NULL.
+ */
+
+static char *
+CopyGetXMLEntity (char c, char *buf)
+{
+ char *entity;
+
+ switch (c)
+ {
+ case '<':
+ entity = "<";
+ break;
+ case '>':
+ entity = ">";
+ break;
+ case '&':
+ entity = "&";
+ break;
+ case '\'':
+ entity = "'";
+ break;
+ case '"':
+ entity = """;
+ break;
+ default:
+ if (!isgraph(c) && c != ' ')
+ {
+ sprintf(buf, "&#%02x;", (unsigned char)c);
+ entity = buf;
+ }
+ else
+ entity = NULL;
+ break;
+ }
+
+ return entity;
+}
Index: src/backend/parser/gram.y
===================================================================
RCS file: /projects/cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/parser/gram.y,v
retrieving revision 2.491
diff -u -r2.491 gram.y
--- src/backend/parser/gram.y 7 May 2005 02:22:46 -0000 2.491
+++ src/backend/parser/gram.y 13 May 2005 22:21:01 -0000
@@ -413,6 +413,8 @@
WHEN WHERE WITH WITHOUT WORK WRITE
+ XML
+
YEAR_P
ZONE
@@ -1448,6 +1450,10 @@
{
$$ = makeDefElem("header", (Node *)makeInteger(TRUE));
}
+ | XML
+ {
+ $$ = makeDefElem("xml", (Node *)makeInteger(TRUE));
+ }
| QUOTE opt_as Sconst
{
$$ = makeDefElem("quote", (Node *)makeString($3));
Index: src/backend/parser/keywords.c
===================================================================
RCS file: /projects/cvsroot/pgsql/src/backend/parser/keywords.c,v
retrieving revision 1.155
diff -u -r1.155 keywords.c
--- src/backend/parser/keywords.c 7 May 2005 02:22:47 -0000 1.155
+++ src/backend/parser/keywords.c 13 May 2005 22:21:01 -0000
@@ -342,6 +342,7 @@
{"without", WITHOUT},
{"work", WORK},
{"write", WRITE},
+ {"xml", XML},
{"year", YEAR_P},
{"zone", ZONE},
};
Index: src/test/regress/expected/copy2.out
===================================================================
RCS file: /projects/cvsroot/pgsql/src/test/regress/expected/copy2.out,v
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -r1.21 copy2.out
--- src/test/regress/expected/copy2.out 13 May 2005 06:33:40 -0000 1.21
+++ src/test/regress/expected/copy2.out 13 May 2005 22:21:01 -0000
@@ -194,6 +194,28 @@
--test that we read consecutive LFs properly
CREATE TEMP TABLE testnl (a int, b text, c int);
COPY testnl FROM stdin CSV;
-DROP TABLE x, y;
+CREATE TABLE z (
+ col1 text,
+ col2 text
+);
+COPY z from stdin;
+COPY z TO stdout;
+Jackson, Sam \\h
+ABC \\\\\t
+It is "perfect". \t
+ NULL
+COPY z TO stdout WITH CSV;
+"Jackson, Sam",\h
+ABC,\\
+"It is ""perfect"".",
+"",NULL
+COPY y TO stdout WITH XML;
+
+
+Jackson, Sam\h
+It is "perfect".
+|
+
+DROP TABLE x, y, z;
DROP FUNCTION fn_x_before();
DROP FUNCTION fn_x_after();
Index: src/test/regress/sql/copy2.sql
===================================================================
RCS file: /projects/cvsroot/pgsql/src/test/regress/sql/copy2.sql,v
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -r1.12 copy2.sql
--- src/test/regress/sql/copy2.sql 13 May 2005 06:33:40 -0000 1.12
+++ src/test/regress/sql/copy2.sql 13 May 2005 22:21:01 -0000
@@ -139,7 +139,22 @@
inside",2
\.
+CREATE TABLE z (
+ col1 text,
+ col2 text
+);
-DROP TABLE x, y;
+COPY z from stdin;
+Jackson, Sam \\h
+\x41\x42\x43\xa0\x1 \x5c\x5c\x9
+It is "perfect". \t
+ NULL
+\.
+
+COPY z TO stdout;
+COPY z TO stdout WITH CSV;
+COPY y TO stdout WITH XML;
+
+DROP TABLE x, y, z;
DROP FUNCTION fn_x_before();
DROP FUNCTION fn_x_after();